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The objective of this study was to investigate whether the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), which binds to HLA class II and T-cell receptor Vβ chains, can direct cytotoxic T cells to lyse cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells (EC). In addition, we wanted to determine whether SEA- primed cytotoxic T cells could be targeted to EC surface molecules as a means of a novel cancer immunot

The bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is a potent inducer of cytokine production and cytotoxic T cell responses. To target a T cell attack against tumor cells we have genetically engineered a fusion protein of SEA and the Fab part of the tumor-reactive mAb C215. Injection of this Fab-SEA fusion protein to mice carrying lung metastases of the poorly immunogenic B16 melanoma

Exposure of cells to adverse environmental conditions invokes a genetically programmed series of events resulting in the induction of specific genes. The fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin has recently been reported to upregulate interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene induction. In the present investigation, the effect of ciprofloxacin at supratherapeutic concentrations on immediate-early (<2 h) gene exp

Laminin is a well-defined component of the airway basement membrane (BM). Efficient binding of laminin via multiple interactions is important for nontypeable Haemophilusinfluenzae (NTHi) colonization in the airway mucosa. Here we identified elongation factor thermo-unstable (EF-Tu), L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Protein D and peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein P6 as novel laminin-binding protei

Paenibacillus larvae, causative agent of American Foulbrood (AFB), is the primary bacterial pathogen affecting honeybees and beekeeping. The main methods for controlling AFB are incineration of diseased colonies or prophylactic antibiotic treatment (e.g. tylosin), neither of which is fully satisfactory. The search for superior means for controlling AFB has led to an increased interest in the natur

Importance To our knowledge, there is no consensus regarding when individuals who repeatedly self-harm and are at risk of suicide should be hospitalized. To evaluate a new alternative, we examined the effects of brief admission (BA) to hospital by self-referral.Objectives To determine the effects of BA on inpatient service use and on secondary outcomes of daily life functioning, nonsuicidal self-i

Is common ownership the Doomsday Machine for the operation of free markets, competition and capitalism as we know it? An observer of cutting-edge law and economics literature may indeed tend to believe that we are approaching a point of ultimate antitrust apocalypse. This article tries to unfold the ongoing antitrust-focused debate by exploring a series of questions: i) who is a common owner; ii)

Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a complication of severe ischemic stroke after revascularization. Patients with low platelet counts do not receive reperfusion therapies due to high risk of HT. The immunomodulatory drug fingolimod attenuated HT after tissue plasminogen activator in a thromboembolic stroke model, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Fingolimod acts on several sphingosine-1-ph

BACKGROUND: Triage is widely used in the emergency department (ED) in order to identify the patient's level of urgency and often based on the patient's chief complaint and vital signs. Age has been shown to be independently associated with short term mortality following an ED visit. However, the most commonly used ED triage tools do not include age as an independent core variable. The aim of this

A possible solution to the chronic shortage of allografts is xenotransplantation, the use of tissue from an animal donor. Most experts believe that the pig will provide the most suitable solid organs for use in human beings. Although porcine organs are rapidly rejected by a process called hyperacute rejection (HAR), there is hope that several novel therapeutic strategies, already tested in animal

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is one of the main regulators of the tissue factor (TF) pathway of coagulation. To tether human TFPI to the cell surface, full length or truncated TFPI lacking the third Kunitz domain were fused with domains three and four and the carboxy-terminal sequence of human CD4. Constructs were transfected into a mouse fibroblast cell line and individual clones were c

Repeated administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against the CD4 lymphocyte receptor may induce specific, long-lasting unresponsiveness to fully MHC-mismatched cardiac allografts in rats without additional immunosuppression. We assessed the effect of a single dose of murine anti-rat depleting anti-CD4 mAb (OX-38) on allograft survival in high- and low-responder rat strain combinatio

Type 2 diabetes can often be managed by healthier diet and exercise in early stages of the disease, but as it progresses oral medication is needed and later on the patients will require insulin to survive. Vitamin K is a fat soluble vitamin that is a cofactor in gamma-carboxylation and activation of coagulation proteins produced in the liver. There are also extrahepatic proteins named Gla proteins