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We propose a novel dynamical model of a simple traffic intersection, where the state variables represent the queue lengths and the mean waiting times in the queues. Including the mean waiting times in the model allows for a more fair traffic control, where the waiting times of the individual vehicles in the various streets of the intersection are taken into account to some degree. The model is lin
In the international legal literature, it is commonplace to talk about the law of state responsibility as secondary rules of law. The terminology emphasises that in some way or another the law of state responsibility is different from other rules of the international legal system – what international legal scholars refer to as primary rules of law. The present essay inquires into the soundness of
The paper argues that the European Court of Justice has, on the strength of its perceived mandate to uphold the four freedoms, created a jurisprudential ground for intervention even in areas where the member states nominally retain full sovereignty, and where the right of veto in the Council is the explicit norm. This means that the Court has, of its own accord, adopted an integrative role which h
Popular Abstract in English The cell is the basic unit in all organisms. The molecular machinery in cells converts the energy in sunlight or food into a form of energy that the cell can use for physiological processes in the organism. In humans, this molecular machinery is located in the mitochondria; therefore they are often called the power plants of the cell. The molecular machines are actuallyNADH:quinone oxidoreductase, or complex I, is a large membrane bound enzyme in the respiratory chain of living organisms, that has evolved from the combination of smaller functional building blocks. The enzyme has a conserved core structure, comprising 14 protein subunits: Seven subunits protrude from the membrane and contain a flavin and eight iron-sulfur clusters. The remaining seven subunits in
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We reconsider the minimum/optimal bit-error probability receiver (OBER) for intersymbol interference channels with Gaussian noise and the reception of finite b1oc:ks of bits. We view the OBER as a function with two inputs: the received sequence and an expected signalto- noise ratio; and one output: the estimated block of bits. Assuming that all sequences are equally probable to be t.ransmitted we
