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The formation of variable thickness TiO 2 nanoparticle- Nafion® composite films with open pores is demonstrated via a layer-by-layer deposition process. Films of about 6 nm diameter TiO 2 nanoparticles grow in the presence of Nafion® by "clustering" of nanoparticles into bigger aggregates, and the resulting hierarchical structure thickens with about 25 nm per deposition cycle. Film growth is chara
We reveal a growth-collapse mechanism for self-assembled films of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at the air-water interface. The work involved the quantification of film thickness on the micron scale through tracking oscillations in the amplitude and phase angles using single-angle, single-wavelength ellipsometry. Our results allow us to propose the following int
Recently we have investigated the formation of novel thick, solid, mesostructured films of polymer/surfactant mixtures which form spontaneously at the air-solution interface. Here we report studies of the effect of adding a series of sparingly soluble species to the precursor solution, to alter the mesostructure of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide/polyethylenimine films and to investigate the incorp
Synthetic methods for making an all-silica MCM-41 mesoporous silicate of high long-range order are reported. The product shows up to seven orders of X-ray diffraction and good stability under calcination conditions. The greatest improvement in structure occurs when the pH is held between 9 and 10 during synthesis and the sulfate anion is present.
Surfactant-templated materials are created through self-assembly in solutions containing both surfactant micelles and an inorganic species. The resulting materials are composites containing an organized surfactant micelle array encapsulated in the inorganic material. Removal of the surfactants generates nanoscale pores which replicate the highly organized micelle phase, producing high surface area
The conventional data analysis methods for obtaining a pore size distribution (PSD) from gas sorption data make several critical assumptions that impact significantly on the accuracy of the PSD thereby obtained. In particular, assumptions must be made concerning the nature of the pore-filling or emptying process in adsorption, or desorption, respectively. The possibility of pore-pore interactions
Cellulose films of variable thickness are electro-deposited from aqueous alkaline thiourea solution onto polished boron-doped diamond substrates in an anodic process. Films with "net-like" topography are formed and shown to consist of both cellulose-I and cellulose-II components. Properties of these films are investigated. When immersed in aqueous electrolyte solution, ion partitioning into the el
We have prepared self-supporting, free-standing titania-surfactant mesostructured films via spontaneous growth on the surface of ethanolic solutions, as an alternative synthetic route to evaporation induced self-assembly. The initial stages of surfactant templating and interfacial film formation in alcoholic solutions of titania with a polyethylene-poly(ethylene glycol) surfactant have been observ
The interactions involved in aqueous mixtures of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were studied under dilute conditions. The phase diagram of this polyelectrolyte-surfactant system of similar charge was constructed by determining the CAC and CMC* values at different PEI concentrations, using surface-tension and conductivity measurements, respectively. Formation of t
The formation of solid films at the air-solution interface is a common phenomenon, however, these films have largely not been explored from a materials point of view. In solutions containing inorganic species with surfactants these films, which can be several microns thick, have a highly organised nanoscale structure aligned with respect to the interface. More recently similar polyelectrolyte-surf
Growth of a mesostructured silica thin film at the air/water interface was observed in situ using Brewster angle microscopy and surface pressure measurements allowing real time observation of nucleation of the film and its rapid growth to full surface coverage at the end of the induction period.
Polymer/silica composite films, stable to calcination, were produced using catanionic surfactant mixtures (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) and polymers (polyethylenimine (PEI) or polyacrylamide (PAAm)) at the air/water interface. Film formation processes were probed by time-resolved neutron reflectivity measurements. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (
Spontaneous growth of non-ionic surfactant-templated thin films at the air-water interface was investigated using three techniques: Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), time-resolved off-specular X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD). Experiments were also carried out to study the evolution of micelles in the subphase solution using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Fi
The accepted picture of the structure of a micelle in solution arises from the idea that the surfactant molecules self-assemble into a spherical aggregate, driven by the conflicting affinity of their head and tail groups with the solvent. It is also assumed that the micelles size and shape can be explained by simple arguments involving volumetric packing parameters and electrostatic interactions.
We describe a detailed synthesis of a silicified inorgaric/organic nanoporous monolithic composite conforming to the lyotropic liquid crystalline L3 phase. The pore dimensions of the silicified L3 phase scale with the solvent volume fraction in the synthesis reaction mixture. Changing the solvent fraction in the initial solution changes the ultimate pore diameter in the silicate, providing a simpl
The formation of a dense monolayer of methanol treated Silicate-1 nanocrystals on Si wafer was demonstrated using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique and its successful use as a seed layer for preparing a continuous zeolite film by subsequent secondary growth was presented. SEM results proved that a well developed dense Silicate-1 film was obtained, which demonstrated that the LB monolayers are i
Gold nanorods have been prepared in aqueous solution using a seed-mediated growth approach in the presence of surfactant. We observe the formation of liquid crystalline phases in concentrated solutions of high aspect ratio (13-18) gold nanorods by polarizing microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and small angle x-ray scattering. These phases, which are stable up to 200°C, exhibit concentra
The validity of the fractal versions of the FHH and BET theories for describing the adsorption of butane and nitrogen on a variety of partially dehydroxylated silica surfaces has been tested. The fractal dimensions obtained from adsorption data have been compared with those obtained completely independently using SAXS. It was found that the fractal dimensions obtained from butane adsorption isothe
X-ray and neutron scattering from macroscopically rough surfaces and interfaces is considered and a new method of analysis based on the variation of the shape of the total reflection edge in the reflectivity profile is proposed. It was shown that in the limit that the correlation length and the height of the surface roughness are larger than the wavelength (at least 100 times bigger) of the incomi
