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Society is highly dependent on services such as electricity, communication, and transportation. Furthermore, the critical infrastructures (CIs) that provide these services are highly interdependent through a number of physical, economic and organizational links. In this context, a holistic perspective on risk is essential to avoid suboptimal interventions and risk-related blind spots. Here, fragme
Floods tend not to be bounded by geopolitical or administrative borders, and involve various sectors in society. Flood risk must thus be jointly governed by a web of actors (Renn, 2008), who are not independent of each other but dependent on various resources and affected by the decisions and actions others are making (Becker, 2014). The patterns of social relations among these actors are therefor
Water-related damage represents a major challenge in the built environment, with consequences for building performance and occupant health. While external factors can contribute, this study focuses on damage originating from internal sources. Deficiencies and failures in building service systems, water supply, sewage, and technical installations, constitute a substantial problem, leading to repair
The size of the pension payments is a result of how well the pension capital has been invested by the life insurance company. The laws for how much of the pension capital the life insurance companies are able to invest, and how much they need to keep as capital requirement, are under investigation. This is regulated by the risk measure value at risk. Finansinspektionen has released a test report,
One implication of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is that it is not possible to consistently and over time create abnormal returns without taking on additional risk. However, the hypothesis has become one of the most debated theories in financial economics. Numerous studies suggest that seasonal patterns exist in stock returns, so-called calendar effects, which violates the assumption of st
