Under april månad i år (1995) var den öppna arbetslösheten bland utomnordiska invandrare 28 procent, medan motsvarande siffra bland svenskar var sju procent. Dessa relativa tal avspeglar invandrarnas respektive svenskarnas svårigheter att anskaffa sysselsättning på arbessmarknaden.

Study of landscape in some early Bergman films. The feneral idea is that Bergman used dramatic settings to enhance the angst of the characters.

Integrated Circuits (ICs) and multi-board systems are becoming increasingly complex to test. A key to successful testing is effective standards. Currently, at micro level the Internal JTAG (IJTAG) focuses on the development of a standard for embedded on-chip instruments while at macro level the System JTAG (SJTAG) works on defining a standard for system level test management; mainly connecting the

We introduce a mixed-integer optimization model for two-layer IP-over-Flexgrid networks, and present a cost study performed using the CPLEX package for the introduced model. The study concerns a generic German network with 12 nodes and 20 links in the optical layer, and a set of six IP traffic matrices with increasing demand volumes. The optimization assumes a hot-standby mechanism in the optical

The distribution of sloping fens in southern Sweden was mapped, their vegetation sampled and related to the environmental variables recorded. This mire type is distributed further to the east than previously reported, namely around the highest post-glacial limit of the sea level. Calluna vulgaris, Narthecium ossifragum, Erica tetralix, Molinia caerulea, Carex panicea and Sphagnum spp. or, e.g., Ca

Water-soluble hemicelluloses were extracted from spruce chips by heat-fractionation using microwave treatment. A screening of conditions (pH, temperature and residence time) was performed for the extraction of O-acetyl-galactoglucomannan (AcGGM). The yield and the average molecular weight of the extracted mannan were analysed using HPLC, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and mass-spectrometry. T

The administration’s legitimacy of the constitutional democracy consist in laws being applied in accordance with the principles which are their foundation. Care about the elderly is the municipals’ responsibility, and this task is regulated in the law of social services and the law of health and healthcare. The legislation grant individual elderly the right to a standard of living that in the law

Popular Abstract in Swedish För att förstå atomära och molekylära processer och interaktioner i ett mikroskopiskt perspektiv ? med andra ord, förstå kemin! ? behövs högkvalitativa mätningar och beräkningar på modellsystem, där alla okända parametrar har rensats bort, så att det enskilda egenheter och storheter kan studeras utan inverkan av yttre störningar. Experimentellt uppnås detta tex. inom ytIn general, the more complex and real a system is, with all its interactions with solvents and contaminations etc., the harder it is to accurately model it and reproduce the experimental results by calculations. Similarly, modern sophisticated, advanced and higher order calculations are done for very specialized systems, often removed from any experimental equivalent. This dissertation deals with

Popular Abstract in Swedish Den organiska kemin har spelat en viktig roll i samhällsutvecklingen. Förmågan att på ett kontrollerat sätt kunna syntetisera substanser är en nyckelkunskap för vetenskap och industri. Utvecklingen har idag kommit så långt att man även för kommersiellt bruk kan syntetisera mycket avancerade molekyler som t. ex. läkemedel. På senare år har den organiska syntesen fått en A route from epoxy alcohols to cis- and trans-trisubstituted vinylaziridines has been developed. The vinylaziridines have been used as substrates in the base induced aza-[2,3]-Wittig rearrangement to substituted 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines. The influence of the anion-stabilising group on the reaction outcome has been investigated and it was found that tert-butyl ester enolate promotes a clean conv

The extracellular enzyme activities of wood-decomposing basidiomycetes are essential for wood degradation, but are also able to degrade various recalcitrant organic pollutants. The possible application of wood-decomposing fungi in bioremediation has increased the interest in understanding their growth and activity in soil. Degradation and mineralization of pollutants can also be influenced by syne

Fighting infectious disease in the past, much like today, focused on isolating the disease and thereby stopping its spread. New insights into the modes of transmission and the causal agents in the mid-nineteenth century, together with fear of new epidemic outbreaks, motivated public investments aimed at reducing mortality from infectious disease. Combining longitudinal individual-level data on 17,

Popular Abstract in Swedish Syftet med denna avhandling är att förstå och förklara frivården, som organisation och som praktik samt att få en fördjupad förståelse av förhållandet mellan stöd och kontroll. Avhandlingen bygger på två empiriska material. En studie av arkivhandlingar och publicerade texter från 1820-2000. En intervjustudie där tjugo frivårdsklienter, tjugo handläggare och tio lekmannaThe purpose of this thesis is to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between support and control. The purpose is reached by a study of the probation service as an organization and the practical side of its work The thesis is based on two empirical studies. One is a study of records and published texts from the period 1820-2000. The second is an interview study, in which twenty probatio

Popular Abstract in Swedish Evolutionsteorin säger att de anpassningar som leder till en ökad mängd ungar och ättlingar i senare led kommer att sorteras fram av det naturliga urvalet. Det är dock inte alltid så självklart vad som kommer att gynnas av selektionen. Ofta får hanar mer avkomma om de parar sig med många honor, i stort sett oavsett hur de uppnår detta. Hanliga anpassningar för detta ändIn sexual conflicts and conflicts between parents and offspring, natural selection acts in different directions on the two sides. For example, males may be selected to achieve many mates, but female fitness may be maximised by monogamy. In this thesis I study the evolutionary outcome of these situations mainly by theoretical modelling. I present an empirical investigation of mating interactions in