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We have used adult mouse superior cervical ganglia (SCG) to study the role of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase activity during axonal outgrowth in vitro. An initial peak in activity within the first hours of culture was followed by a substantially higher activity after 1 to 2 days, a time when axons were actively growing. The latter peak is probably a result of both higher levels of protein

Analogous to the death of developing neurones deprived of trophic factors, nerve injury in adult life could lead to nerve cell death by apoptosis. Here the occurrence of apoptotic mouse sciatic sensory neurones after injury was investigated by nick-labelling DNA breaks. A small proportion of the neurones reliably became apoptotic after injury in vivo. The response was strongly amplified when the n

In the present study the role of cAMP for axonal outgrowth and Schwann cell proliferation was studying using the cultured frog sciatic nerve. An intrinsic rise in nerve injury, both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with 0.1‐1.0μM forskolin, an activator of the cAMP‐generating enzyme adenylyl cyclase, increased the cAMP content up to 13‐fold, but was yet without effect on axonal outgrowth during an

The local synthesis and subsequent retrograde axonal transport of [35S]methionine‐labelled proteins was studied in the in vitro regenerating adult frog sciatic sensory axons. By the use of a three compartment culture system, proteins in the outgrowth region were selectively labelled. After 2 days in culture a rise in TCA‐insoluble radioactivity was detected in the dorsal root ganglia, which could

Abstract: Okadaic acid (OA) is a frequently used phosphatase inhibitor that by inhibiting dephosphorylation increases the net phosphorylation level in various systems. In the present study OA was used to assess the role of balanced phosphorylation‐dephosphorylation reactions for successful regeneration of peripheral nerves. To achieve this, the effects of OA on phosphorylation levels, neurite outg

Adult mouse sciatic nerves (SNs) with attached dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were analysed for the presence of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP-K) during normal and regenerative conditions. By immunohistochemistry, MAP-k was found to be present in the normal nerve at low levels in both Schwann cells and DRG nerve cell bodies, with a profoundly increased expression during regeneration. In axonal o

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the risk of serious adverse effects after radiotherapy (RT) with curative intention and radical prostatectomy (RP). Materials and methods: Men who were diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1997 and 2012 and underwent curative treatment were selected from the Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden. For each included man, five prostate cancer-free controls,

The involvement of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in apoptosis of adult mouse superior cervical and dorsal root ganglia neurons has been investigated by the use of immunohistochemistry for cPLA2 and DNA nick-end labeling for apoptotic cells, respectively, cPLA2 immunoreactivity was strongly upregulated in neurons of both preparations during in vitro culturing. By double labeling it was unequiv

Although calmodulin (CaM) is commonly considered to be an intracellular protein, it has been suggested lately that it is released and exerts functions extracellularly. In the present investigation this was studied in in vitro regenerating adult frog (Rana temporaria) sciatic nerves. Using a multi‐compartment incubation chamber, the non‐neuronal cells in the outgrowth region of such nerves were rad

Nerve growth factor stimulated axonal outgrowth from explanted mouse dorsal root ganglia is dependent on mitogen activated protein kinase. PD98059 ([2-(2'amino-3'-methoxyphenyl)-oxanaphthalen-4-one]) blocks mitogen activated protein kinase by inhibiting its immediate upstream activator, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (also known as MEK). Here we used PD98059 to study the role of mitogen a

Abstract: The release of radiolabeled material from regenerating frog sciatic nerves was studied using a multicom‐ partment chamber, in which the ganglia and the outgrowth region, respectively, were separated from the rest of the nerve. The nerves were incubated with radioactive amino acids in the ganglionic compartment, and the material transported to and released at the outgrowth region was coll

The adult frog dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and their sciatic nerves (ScN) survive in organ culture for several days. About 3 days after a local test crush, the sensory axons start to regenerate into the distal nerve stump at a rate of approximately 0.6-0.9 mm/day. The axonal outgrowth is inhibited in a non-toxic way by low concentrations of three different phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors: 4-brom

Dorsal root ganglia (L4 and L5) with attached spinal roots and nerve stumps were isolated from young adult mice and cultured in a layer of extracellular matrix material (matrigel). Within one day, a large number of axons grew out from the cut ends of the nerve and the dorsal root. The average outgrowth length was more than doubled by nerve growth factor, which also strongly increased the number of

The adult frog dorsal root ganglia (DRG) together with the sciatic nerve (ScN) has previously been shown to survive in organ culture for several days. If a local test crush is made at the beginning of culturing, there is an initial delay of about 3 days before the sensory axons start to grow into the distal nerve stump at a rate of about 0.6-0.9 mm/day. The present results showed that axonal growt

The sensory axons of the adult mouse sciatic nerve were shown to regenerate after a local test crush lesion in vitro in a serum-free medium. The average outgrowth distance of the leading axons after culturing for 3 days was 2.8 ± 0.1 mm, which was shorter than in vivo (3.8 ± 0.2 mm). With the use of a compartmentalised culture system we could show that regeneration was partially dependent on local

We have studied the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in peripheral nerve regeneration by using the cultured adult mouse sciatic nerve, which displays regrowth of sensory axons under serum-free conditions. By the use of immunohistochemistry we show that one of the isoforms of PKC, PKCβ, is present in the nerve cell bodies of normal nerves and is upregulated after injury. In spite of this, the specifi

Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of inherited retinal degenerative diseases characterized by the loss of photoreceptors and vision for which no effective treatment is available. Several animal models of retinitis pigmentosa are used to elucidate its pathogenesis and to devise therapies. The retinal degeneration (rd1) mouse is one such animal model in which rod-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) is in

The effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor on axonal outgrowth and apoptosis were studied in vitro using explanted dorsal root ganglia-peripheral nerve preparations of adult mice. In gels of matrigel or collagen type 1, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor increased both the numbers and lengths of axons growing out of explanted preparations, although less effectively than ne

Recent literature has suggested how late-medieval families may have used financial markets to navigate the life cycle. Precious little is known about the precise connections between the life cycle and family on the one hand and investments in financial instruments on the other, though. We analyse late-medieval investment behaviour using a new dataset of hundreds of life annuities. Our data give ag

Recent changes in user employment of Internet based services, new deployment technologies for mobile networks as well as an ongoing realisation of fixed and mobile converged networks e.g. the EU FP7 project COMBO, are significant examples of enablers for increasing demands on DSL links. Investigating cross-layer dependencies between all layers in the OSI reference model becomes increasingly import