The number of degrees of freedom is a crucial parameter in many electromagnetic problems. In for example modern communication systems spatial diversity is often employed through multiple beams to enhance capacity and reliability. However, while the degrees of freedom can be computed, their connection to physical quantities is not as easily understood. To address this issue, this paper proposes a s

This cross-sectional study investigated the association between different types of physical activity (PA) and occupational psychological and physical stress responses among workers in Japan. Stress responses were assessed using the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. Work-related PA (time spent sitting, sitting bouts, standing, walking, engaging in heavy labor, and moderate-to-vigorous PA [MVPA]) and

Risk stratification has gained an increasing role in predicting outcomes and guiding the treatment of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The most predictive prognostic factors are three noninvasive parameters (World Health Organization functional class, 6-min walk distance and natriuretic peptides) that are included in all currently validated risk stratification tools. However, s

Overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism are associated with an increased fracture risk, but whether thyroid hormones are associated with fracture risk in individuals with normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) has mostly been investigated in women. Therefore, we investigated if serum levels of free thyroxine (FT4) or TSH are associated with fracture risk in Swedish men. We followed (median 12.2 yr

Turkish President Erdogan is a faithful Muslim and strongly objects to getting/paying interest. To reduce the (high) inflation rate, he declared in a speech at Parliament: “As long as I am in office, I will fight interest. The NAS is there.” The primary purpose of this chapter is to shed light on the nature of this concept and to find out whether there is indeed a NAS with the specific aim of curb

Amyloid-PET quantification through the tracer-independent Centiloid (CL) scale has emerged as an essential tool for the accurate measurement of amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The AMYPAD consortium set out to integrate existing literature and recent work from the consortium to provide clinical context-of-use recommendations for the CL scale. Compared to histopatholog

Previous research shows that well-grounded knowledge of the intended travellers is essential for achieving successful DRT services. However, there is a lack of understanding of the potential travels in different age groups, and the acceptance of design alternatives that may affect these. Based on surveys conducted in Sweden, this paper investigates these factors in a hypothetical DRT service, in t

Buildings of all types are increasingly becoming complex ‘systems of systems.’ They are subject to evolving societal objectives, new and innovative materials, and in many countries, regulatory ecosystems are having difficulty keeping pace with rapidly changing societal, environmental and technological changes. Two evolving objectives that are stimulating changes to buildings and communities are th

BACKGROUND: Diarrhea is a leading cause of death among children

Synchronizing free-electron laser pulses for time-resolved experiments is necessary as an unsynchronized system reduces the effective repetition rate of the experiment. Additionally, free-electron laser longitudinal coherence and spectral brightness are limited by electron beam energy spread. In this paper, a variable bunch compressor design and compression schemes were developed to: reduce klystr

This paper examines the origins of formal education in colonial Zambia and its long-term consequences for educational attainment and gender inequality. Combining novel panel data on the location of missionary stations and mission school enrolment by gender and missionary society from 1924 to 1953 with contemporary data from the 1990 Zambian census, we ana-lyze the long-term effects of missionary e

Ecosystems worldwide are experiencing a range of natural and anthropogenic disturbances, many of which are intensifying as global change accelerates. Ecological responses to those disturbances are determined by both the vulnerabilities of species and their interspecific interactions. Understanding how individual species contribute to the (in-)stability of an aggregated community property, or funct

Featured Application: Evaluating the effect of train impact velocity, pedestrian position, and station environment on head injury and run-over risk. Application to future safety device design. Introduction: Subway–pedestrian collisions are a significant and growing problem, but they are poorly understood. This study presents the first subway–pedestrian collision model with the aim of evaluating th

En vetenskapligt uppdaterad översikt av industriella revolutionen, med fokus på de inledande faserna i Storbritannien

The tumour microenvironment is programmed by cancer cells and substantially influences anti-tumour immune responses1,2. Within the tumour microenvironment, CD8+ T cells undergo full effector differentiation and acquire cytotoxic anti-tumour functions in specialized niches3–7. Although interactions with type 1 conventional dendritic cells have been implicated in this process3–5,8–10, the underlying

Introduction Delayed palliative management (DPM) is an alternative for prostate cancer (PCa) patients with poor performance status, or those who received radical treatment but progressed and no longer meet the criteria for curative treatment. PIONEER is a large network of federated data analytic platforms in PCa that aims to improve its care through the application of big data analytics. The objec

Horizontal gene transfer is one of the most important drivers of bacterial evolution. Transformation by uptake of extracellular DNA is traditionally not considered to be an effective mode of gene acquisition, simply because extracellular DNA is degraded in a matter of days when it is suspended in e.g. seawater. Recently the age span of stored DNA was increased to at least 2 Ma. Here, we show that