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The zeros of the discrete-time system obtained when sampling a continuous time system are explored. Theorems for the limiting zeros for large and small sampling periods are given. Conditions which guarantee that the sampled system has stable zeros are also presented.
Laboratory experiments offer one way to introduce more realism into the education of automatic control. This paper describes a control laboratory and a sequence of experiments performed in the basic automatic control courses at Lund Institute of Technology. The laboratory is based on level control of two cascaded tanks. An Apple II computer is used to implement control laws and to provide graphics
On the decision of the Swedish government, the Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA) has started a large-scale trial with Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) in urban areas. One of the four test sites is the city of Lund. At the Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, research about ISA has been carried out since 1986 and the first field study was carried out in 1993. The ongoi
Whistle-blowing can serve as a powerful mechanism helping policy-makers and other stakeholders recognize ethical misconduct and other types of wrongdoing in autonomous public agencies. This mechanism is of particular importance in major public sector reforms, such as agency mergers, when it may be difficult to secure continuity in the quality of organizational processes. Yet, we know little of wha
It is shown that four point resistivity measurements can be used to detect decay in living trees. A low frequency alternating current is injected into the trunk and the induced voltage is measured between two points along the trunk. With additional measurement of the cross section area, the effective resistivity of the trunk is estimated. A comparison within a group of trees shows that trees in de
