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In Parkinson's disease (PD), the main pathology is a loss of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons. Clinical trials with intrastriatal transplantation of human embryonic mesencephalic tissue have shown that grafted DA neurons reinnervate the striatum, restore striatal DA release and, in some patients, induce major clinical benefit. Stem cells could provide an unlimited source of DA neurons for trans
We consider a cooperative wireless network where the source broadcasts data to relays, some or all of which cooperatively beamform to forward the data to the destination. The network is subject to an overall outage constraint. We generalize the standard approaches for cooperative communications in two respects: (i) we explicitly model and factor in the cost of acquiring channel state information (
BACKGROUND: MEK1/2 is a serine/threonine protein that phosphorylates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Cerebral ischemia results in enhanced expression of cerebrovascular contractile receptors in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) leading to the ischemic region. Here we explored the role of the MEK/ERK pathway in receptor expression following ischemic brain injury using the specific ME
We show that a simple equilibrium model with uncertain growth is able to simultaneously generate patterns in implied volatility and risk aversion that are similar to the ones observed in the data. In addition, the model produces an implied pricing kernel that is increasing for particular levels of wealth.
Forward walking (FW) and backward walking (BW) are two important forms of locomotion in quadrupeds. Participation of the motor cortex in the control of FW has been intensively studied, while cortical activity during BW has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to analyze locomotion-related activity of the motor cortex during BW, and compare it to that during FW. For this purpose, we r
Dermatan sulfate epimerase 2 (DS-epi2), together with its homologue DS-epi1, transform glucuronic acid into iduronic acid in dermatan sulfate polysaccharide chains. Iduronic acid gives dermatan sulfate increased chain flexibility and promotes protein binding. DS-epi2 is ubiquitously expressed and is the predominant epimerase in brain. Here we report the generation and initial characterization of D
This unit provides detailed protocols for establishing rodent models of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion procedure is described in more detail for mice than for rats since the lesioning procedure in rats has been described extensively in previous work and is less difficult to perform. Unlike primate models, rodent models of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia are relatively s
In men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), the risk of hypogonadism is often overlooked. Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) may increase this risk. The objective of this study was to elucidate the prevalence of hypogonadism in NOA-patients, the impact of TESE on hormone balance and the association between testosterone deficiency and dyslipidaemia. Men with NOA who had undergone TESE during the
OBJECTIVES: This study examined which individual and national factors affect condom use among adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: Multilevel analysis. METHODS: This study reviewed the data on bullying, alcohol use and condom use provided by 18 European countries and subnational entities in the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey. Another eight contextual variables were also analysed. Three mult
