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This work presents a review of studies on the process economics of ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials published since 1996. Our objective was to identify the most costly process steps and the impact of various parameters on the fi- nal production cost, e.g. plant capacity, raw material cost, and overall product yield, as well as process configuration. The variation in estimated etha
The catalytic activities of YBa2Cu3O6+x and copper oxides have been studied in the ammoxidation of toluene. At low oxygen pressures, over YBa2Cu3O6+x selective ammoxidation to benzonitrile occurs, whereas at high pressures, only total combustion of toluene to carbon oxides is observed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of YBa2Cu3O6+x catalysts indicates predominance of Cu(I) states u
The process of steam drying a bed of porous spheres is analysed in terms of a hybrid model that makes use of volume averaged transport equations for the fluid flowing in the bed and point equations for the heat and mass transport taking place in the spheres. To verify the model, a series of experiments with varying mass flux and steam temperature were carried out at atmospheric pressure using cera
Data from several different monitoring systems are examined. The potential for registers based on data obtained from clinical practice, and linkage of such data to national health and population registers, is discussed. The approach described is a possible prototype for long term surveillance systems needed for the safe introduction of new treatments.
Climatic and environmental changes during the Younger Dryas stadial (GS-1) and preceding and following transitions are inferred from stable carbon and oxygen isotope records obtained from the sediments of ancient Lake Torreberga, southern Sweden. Event GS-1 is represented in the sediment sequence by 3.5 m of clay containing lacustrine carbonates of various origins. Comparison of isotopic records o
OBJECTIVE - To estimate the prevalence of and the cardiovascular risk associated with the metabolic syndrome using the new definition proposed by the World Health Organisation (WHO). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - A total of 4,483 subjects aged 35-70 years participating in a large family study of type 2 diabetes in Finland and Sweden (the Botnia study) were included in the analysis of cardiovascula
Ett antal försök på olika typer av sandwichpaneler har genomförts. De valda sandwichpanelerna inkluderar de vanligaste kärnmaterialen. Två olika fullskaletester har genomförts. En av dem var utförd enligt ISO 9705 d.v.s. försök där panelerna var monterade inuti ett obrännbart rum. Det andra sättet av fullskaletesten var utförd genom att använda ett fristående rum under en stor kalorimeter. Denna kSummary : A number of tests have been performed on different types of sandwich panels. The chosen sandwich panels included most common core materials. Two types of full-scale tests were performed. One set was conducted according to ISO 9705 i.e. tests where the panels were mounted inside a non-combustible room. Another set of full-scale tests was performed using a free standing room under a large
Objective: To evaluate meat intake patterns in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts. Design and setting: 24-Hour dietary recalls were assessed within the framework of a prospective cohort study in 27 centres across 10 European countries by means of standardised computer-assisted interviews. Subjects: In total, 22 924 women and 13 031 men aged 35-74 years.
PbO and PbO- were studied utilizing CCSD(T), CASSCF/CASPT2, and the Fock Space FSCCSD methods. Relativistic effects were treated by the spin-free, two-component infinite-order Douglas-Kroll-Hess, Dirac-Coulomb and the restricted active space state interaction RASSI-SO methods. Our adiabatic electron affinity (EA), 0.696 eV, agrees favorably with experiment (0.714 eV). Theoretical dissociation ener
OBJECTIVE. To study treatment of hypertension in pregnancy in Sweden and compare our results with a similar study published in 1981. METHODS. A multiple choice questionnaire was sent to 92 obstetricians throughout Sweden and 88% responded. RESULTS. Most Swedish obstetricians would treat a woman in the second trimester with blood pressure 140/95 mmHg without antihypertensive medication (83%) in the
The concept of electronic tongues or taste sensors has developed rapidly during recent years due to their large potential. They are based on electrochemical sensors combined with multivariate data analysis. Voltammetric electronic tongues have proven valuable in many applications. Due to their ruggedness and simplicity, they have been found especially suitable for on-line monitoring of industrial
This paper considers signaling schemes for heterogeneous ultrawideband communications networks that contain both coherent (rake) and transmitted-reference (TR) receivers. While coherent receivers are capable of receiving TR signals, they do so with a 3 dB penalty, because they cannot make use of the energy invested into the reference pulse. We propose a new signaling scheme that avoids this drawba
BACKGROUND: Bile tolerant helicobacter species such as H hepaticus and H bilis have frequently been reported to cause hepatitis in mice and other rodents. AIMS: To investigate the possible pathogenic role of these and other helicobacter species in chronic liver disease in humans. METHODS: Serum samples from 144 patients with various chronic liver diseases, 30 patients with primary sclerosing chola
We examine the neglected area of internationalisation by VCs. Using a representative sample of 195 VCs, we show that the decision of a European VC firm to invest internationally is driven by its human resources. Having more VC executives in general and more VC executives with previous international experience in specific, results in a higher probability of investing internationally. In contrast, m
