GONGOs, Zombies, and Astroturfers : Rethinking Hybrid Institutions in Autocracies through the Case of Jordanian Youth Governance
Autocracies have increasingly begun to clothe themselves in the guise of hybrid, semi-official institutions that exhibit a degree of autonomy from the state, such as Government-Organized NGOs (GONGOs), “zombie” election observers, regime-run think tanks, astroturfing, or semi-official state-mobilized movements (SMMs). Existing literature has analyzed hybrid institutions as products of their functi
