The protection of trade secrets in Portugal and Spain has been derived from general legal principles (of Civil Law, Penal Law and Unfair Marketing Law). This chapter on implementation of the Trade Secrets Directive (TS Directive) in Portugal and Spain presents the traditional views and positions and the implementation of the TS Directive into the respective national legal orders.In Portugal, imple

If translation is an act of meaning transaction, semiotics should be able to define its specificity in relation to other semiotic acts. Instead, following upon suggestions by Roman Jakobson, the Tartu school, and, more implicitly, Charles Sanders Peirce, the notion of translation has been generalized to cover more or less everything that can be done within and between semiotic resources. In this p

The study of metaphor currently being made in the wake of Lakoff may contribute important knowledge of the traits most relevant to iconicity, but it fails to account for the nature of metaphors, which suppose a wilful misclassification of phenomena, which leads to a state of semantic tension. Taking our point of departure in an interpretation of the Peircean categories that we have proposed in a r

Semiotics is generally conceived as being opposed to phenomenology, but such an opposition can only result from taking too much for granted, about both phenomenology and semiotics. While recognising that semiotics and phenomenology are historically different traditions, the present essay suggests that these traditions have a lot in common and that their very differences may give rise to fruitful p

Introduction: Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. It is more common in areas where people are socio-economically deprived. Although trachoma is endemic in 571 districts in Ethiopia, its prevalence has not been studied among school children in Harari Region. Objective: To assess the prevalence of trachoma eye infection and factors associated with it among Grades 1-8 sch

The claim of cognitive semiotics to offer something new to semiotics rests on the ambition to bring together the research traditions of semiotics and cognitive science. Our focus has been on using the empirical approach of cognitive science in investigating semiotic issues. At the same time, however, phenomenological description plays a major part in preparing the studies and integrating their res

Background: In many developed countries, acute rheumatic fever is eradicated through strong health promotion and prevention efforts; yet, it continues to cause serious health problems in many developing countries including Ethiopia. The main aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with acute rheumatic fever among primary school students in Harari region, Eastern Ethiop

Spelling out the more or less implicit phenomenology found in Peirce’s categories and in the “Basisphänomene” suggested by the late Cassirer, this paper attempts to extend Cassirer’s own suggestion for the grounding of the human, or, as we prefer to say, semiotic, sciences, by means of an elucidation of the components of the basic situation of communication, revised on the basis of the Prague scho