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Popular Abstract in Swedish Människor och djur utsätts ständigt för sjukdomsalstrande virus, bakterier och parasiter som finns i vår omgivning. Som skydd mot dessa har vi utvecklat ett immunförsvar. Detta har till uppgift att känna igen och eliminera dessa främmande, sjukdomsalstrande organismer (patogener), medan frisk, kroppsegen vävnad inte känns igen av immunsystemet. Immunsystemet består av kThe aim of this thesis was to better understand the role of antigen presenting cells (APC) in the development of diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. We have shown that DC and Mphi that infiltrate the islets of Langerhans produce tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), a cytokine known to contribute to the pathogenesis in the early stages of diabetes development. TNF-a is produced from the ear

Popular Abstract in Swedish Diabetes är en kronisk ämnesomsättningsrubbning, med en förhöjd nivå av cirkulerande blodsocker som ett av dess första kännetecken. Sjukdomen bygger på det faktum att kroppens olika celler är beroende av hormonet insulin för att kunna ta emot och tillgodogöra sig det näringsgivande sockret glukos. Således, för att kunna bibehålla en normal blodsockernivå krävs två förutIn view of unsolved issues regarding cellular events underlying the adaptation of insulin secretion to insulin resistance, together with the observation that insulin secretion induced by the gastrointestinal hormone and neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) is not solely explained by phospholipase C-protein kinase C (PLC-PKC) pathway activation, this study aimed at delineate mechanisms responsible fo

Popular Abstract in Swedish Njurarnas huvudsakliga funktion i kroppen är att rena blodet från slaggprodukter och reglera vätskebalansen. Hos patienter med nedsatt njurfunktion måste blodet renas på alternativa sätt. Antingen leds blodet ut via slangar till en maskin som renar blodet (hemodialys), eller används bukdialys, så kallad peritoneal dialys (PD). Vid PD häller patienten dialysvätska i bukhIn the present thesis, the quantitative role of active transport (transcytosis) in bulk transvascular protein movement in vivo was evaluated. Using chemical transcytosis inhibition (N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and filipin), we were able to show that NEM actually increases endothelial permeability to macromolecules, probably as a result of unspecific toxic action on endothelial cells. Filipin, on the ot

Popular Abstract in English What is common between the science of physics and global politics? They both define power in terms of energy. Indeed, the uneven distribution of petroleum reserves has been one of the main reasons of social, political and economic problems worldwide. Even more worrying is the rapid increase in the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This is mainly caused by ouCaldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus is an extremely thermophilic, strictly anaerobic, Gram-positive and cellulolytic microorganism with a natural ability to produce hydrogen (H2) at nearly theoretical maximum yield, i.e. 4 mol/ mol of glucose. Due to its CO2-free combustion and high energy density, among other desirable properties, H2is touted as a fuel of the future. Biological H2 production b

Objective Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a rare disease that can result in severe bleeding in a fetus or newborn, including intracranial hemorrhage. Maternal-fetal human platelet antigen (HPA)-1a incompatibility is a prerequisite to maternal HPA-1a alloimmunization, which may result in FNAIT. The risk of HPA-1a alloimmunization is approximately 25-times higher in HPA-1

Popular Abstract in English Psychotropic pharmaceuticals include various groups of chemicals that have been designed to affect neurochemistry in human consumers resulting in changes in cognition, mood, and/or behavior; many target specific receptors and subsequently alter neurotransmitter levels in the central nervous system. The use of pharmaceuticals by consumers results in the release of these Psychotropic pharmaceuticals have been shown to exert a variety of sublethal effects on non-target organisms, even at low concentrations found in the environment (ng/L to µg/L); hence, the aim of my research has been to determine the individual-level effects of psychotropic pharmaceuticals (the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors sertraline and fluoxetine, and the β-blocker propranolol) on beh

Tre funktionsområden i vardagslivet har analyserats grundligt nämligen Hel och ren, Mätt och belåten samt Underhållning och information. Användningen av hushållsel har ökat från 9,2 med cirka 10 TWh under en tidsperiod på drygt tre decennier. Ökningen förklaras bland annat av att antalet hushåll har ökat, men även av att innehavet av apparater ökat i hushållen. Dessutom har användningsmönster kr

Popular Abstract in Swedish Ett antal olika behandlingsformer finns att tillgå vid angrepp av mikroorgansimer, tex antibiotika, samt vid uppkomsten av tumörer, tex strålbehandling och cellgifter. Ett alternativ till dessa traditionella behandlingssätt är att hjälpa kroppens immunförsvar att starta en specifik immunreaktion riktad mot de infekterade cellerna eller mot tumörcellerna. Detta vore en iMajor histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells. The peptides are generated by proteasomes in the cytosol, then translocated across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Only properly assembled class I molecules loaded with high affinity peptides reach the cell surface. The mat

Popular Abstract in Swedish Nya operationsmetoder för trokantära höftfrakturer – klinisk och biomekanisk utvärdering av Medoff´s glidplatta och Twin hook Akademisk avhandling av Ola Olsson Sammanfattning på svenska Benskörhet är en folksjukdom som bidrar till uppkomst av en rad typfrakturer. Till dessa hör höftfrakturer, som utgör ett folkhälsoproblem och en stor utmaning för samhällets sjuvårdsIn allowing compression along the femoral shaft (uniaxial dynamization) and optional compression along the femoral neck (biaxial dynamization), the Medoff sliding plate (MSP) represents a new principle in the fixation of trochanteric hip fractures. The Twin hook with 2 apical hooks was designed as an alternative to the lag screw. In 3 prospective consecutive case series and 1 prospective randomize

Popular Abstract in Swedish Det finns tre muskeltyper i människokroppen; skelettmuskler, hjärtmuskler och glatta muskler. Skelettmusklerna är de muskler som gör att vi kan röra oss och andas (mellangärdesmuskeln är en skelettmuskel). Hjärtmuskelcellerna är de som gör att hjärtat slår. Den glatta muskulaturen finns på många ställen i kroppen (t.ex. i blodkärl, luftvägar och livmoder) och utför mångThis thesis examines the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the large diversity of the contractile properties in smooth muscle. Six studies, I-VI, are included. I: a slow smooth muscle (aorta) has a different nucleotide and phosphate dependence compared to a fast type (taenia coli). A slow ADP-release can be one mechanism responsible for the lower shortening velocity of aorta. II: treat

The Wnt-5a gene encodes a secreted protein that regulates several normal processes in embryonic and adult tissues by as yet unknown mechanisms. Expression of Wnt-5a protein does not cause cell transformation, but it instead counteracts the effects induced by transforming Wnts. Inasmuch as Wnt-5a can activate the Wnt/beta-catenin signalling pathway, we performed experiments to determine whether mol

Popular Abstract in Swedish Vid njursvikt finns två huvudsakliga metoder för att rena blodet: bukdialys och bloddialys. Vid bukdialys, peritonealdialys (PD), används bukhinnan som dialysmembran, och sockerhaltig dialysvätska fylls på via en kateter i bukväggen. Under dialysen sker transport av slaggprodukter och överskottsvätska från blodet till bukhålan. Dialysen pågår kontinuerligt under hela dyAccording to the three-pore model of peritoneal transport the major exchange pathway between the blood and the peritoneal cavity is represented by “small pores”, permeable to small solutes and water. Osmotically induced fluid flow, as during peritoneal dialysis (PD), is postulated to occur to a great extent through a water-only pathway, whereas proteins are predicted to reach the peritoneal cavity

Popular Abstract in Swedish Arbetet med denna avhandling har handlat om en abnormal fosfolipid (fettämne) som bildas i kroppens celler endast när alkohol är närvarande, lipiden kallas fosfatidyletanol (PEth). För att lättare kunna förstå resultaten av våra undersökningar börjar jag med en kort bakgrund. Alla kroppens celler är omgärdade av ett membran som skiljer dem från varandra och omgivningen.Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is an abnormal phospholipid formed exclusively by the action of phospholipase D (PLD) in the presence of ethanol. The degradation of PEth is slow and due to its accumulation in some cells the possibility to use PEth as marker of ethanol intake has been proposed. It has also been suggested that PEth mediates some of the damaging effects of ethanol on cells. This study was

Popular Abstract in English Nanoscience and nanotechnology have existed in this world before scientists actually coined the terms. Nature around us and human beings themselves are all made of nanomaterials (1-100 nm), such as DNA, proteins, liposomes, and enzymes. These building blocks possess molecular recognition properties, resulting in their self-assembly to form various two- and three-dimensiMolecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are artificial receptors made by imprinting template molecules in a polymer matrix followed by their removal through washing to obtain a specific and selective template cavities. This property of the MIPs have made them a very efficient material for diverse applications such as chromatography, purification, drug sensing, etc. Recently, zero-dimensional polymer

Popular Abstract in English Peter is a part-time cocoa farmer who produces cocoa beans that are used for chocolate production. However, he has always wondered about the efficient utilisation of the residual cocoa pods, which seem to contain sugar as they attract bees. He discussed this with a student studying a biological process whereby organic material can be converted to biogas and a residue thThe replacement of fossil fuels by renewable fuels such as biogas and biohydrogen will require efficient and economically competitive process technologies together with new kinds of biomass. A two-stage system for biogas production has several advantages over the widely used one-stage continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). However, it has not yet been widely implemented on a large scale. Biohydro

In the last decade, powerful communication and information technology in the form of the mobile phone has been put into the hands of more than 50% of the global population. In stark contrast, a lack of access to medical diagnostic technology with which to diagnose both communicable and non-communicable diseases will mean that many of these people will die of easily treatable conditions. Small, por

Ökning i sydliga lövsångares flyttningsbeteende Fåglars flyttning har länge fascinerat människan och kanske framförallt småfåglars flyttning. Hur kan t. ex. en lövsångare, Phylloscopus trochilus, på 10 gram som föddes för några månader sedan hitta hela vägen ner till övervintringsområdena i Afrika, dessutom helt utan hjälp av andra? Sedan länge är det känt att svaret verkar ligga i deras gener mDifferences in migratory behaviour has long been suggested to potentially drive speciation, but the genetics underlying this process remains a mystery. Studies of hybrid zones between two closely related taxa with contrasting migratory phenotypes, called migratory divides, have played a crucial role for our understanding of how such differences can lead to reproductive isolation. Movements of hybr

The intensification of agriculture during the second half of the twentieth century, has caused sever declines of farmland biodiversity, where loss of semi-natural habitats is one of the major drivers. To halt further loss of habitat and biodiversity, agri-environmental schemes (AES) are used to compensate farmers to use methods less harmful to the environment. In this thesis, I have investigated t

Popular Abstract in English Plants harvest sunlight to fix air carbon dioxide into a form which is the fundamental source of energy for other organisms such as animals. The domestication of crop plants and traditional breeding practices has resulted in increased yield and nutritional value of crops. This comes at a cost of loss in genetic variability that is required by living organisms to adapt tPotato is one of the major food crops and its yield is severely affected by late blight disease caused by Phytophthora infestans. P. infestans has the ability to manipulate plant defence signalling by secreting effector molecules causing so called effector triggered susceptibility. Some plants can recognize these effectors via resistance proteins that reactivate plant defence and lead to effector

Popular Abstract in Swedish En av de stora vetenskapliga bedrifterna hittills under 2000-talet är onekligen att man efter många års arbete för första gången lyckades kartlägga (sekvensera) samtliga mänskliga gener. Det mänskliga DNA:t är lokaliserat till cellkärnan och i princip så kan man likna en cellkärna med ett kontrollrum fyllt av manualer (DNA) som talar om cellens sammansättning och hur deProteomics is expected to generate new insights into biological processes as well as identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets since most biological functions are transmitted through proteins. However, due to the complexity displayed by a proteome and inherent limitations associated with current methodologies, proteomic analyses often result in incomplete coverage and inconsistent measurem