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This essay examines if and how output-based aid (OBA) in the urban water sector contributes to long-term and pro-poor development. OBA is a results-based method where contractual agreements stipulate subsidy payments on delivery of outputs, rather than subsidies towards project inputs. To study the characteristics and effects of OBA, the essay adopts a New Institutional Economics perspective, and
As the greenhouse gas emissions keep on increasing the need for solutions to help reduce emissions across all sectors has never been greater. The European Union has pointed out green hydrogen as a step in increasing the sustainability of the energy sector in Europe. Goals has been set to boost the development of hydrogen technology since the green hydrogen production today is only existing in an i
Tonkilometermetoden används för beräkning av andelstal för enskilda vägar som är gemensamhetsanläggningar. Den trafikmängd som olika fastighetstyper genererar återspeglas i vissa framtagna schablonvärden. Eftersom det saknas framtagna schablonvärden för specialfastigheter såsom vindkraftverk och vattenkraftverk har jag genom detta examensarbete undersökt möjligheten att ta fram schablonvärden för The ton kilometer method is used to calculate participatory shares for private roads which is joint facility. The amount of traffic that different property types generate is reflected in certain produced templates. Because there are no templates for special properties such as wind turbines and hydroelectric plants I have investigated if it is possible to produce these types of values. I have also
Thesis Purpose: This study aims to enhance the understanding of factors that discourage consumers from buying pre-owned fashion in a multichannel retail setting. Methodology: Rooted in a qualitative and exploratory method, this study is further guided by an abductive approach. By embracing the essence of the social constructivist epistemology and a relativistic ontological standpoint, it delves i
The study examines the narratives of the Decembrist revolt created in and around Russian state-funded cinema. By exploring the narratives surrounding a particular instance of political dissent in the past, the research seeks to uncover the factors that impact on the negotiation of cultural memory between the text and the audience in the context of state-influenced media. This exploration is based
The construction of episodic memory is an automatic process. Event segmentation theory proposed that segmentation of the continuous perceptual stream into separate memory events occurs when changes in external boundaries lead to changes in internal perceptual and conceptual boundaries. The influence of perceptual and conceptual boundaries on episodic memory encoding has been the subject of intensi
This study aims to examine whether sustainable firms are more sensitive to economic hardship such as an economic crisis, high inflation and low GDP-growth than companies with less focus on sustainability. The research is based on publicly available taxonomy scores of twenty-three of largest publicly traded stocks in Sweden between 2003-2023. The results from three regressions, based on the same mo
The first aim of this study was to on historical background survey women's alcohol habits and especially to investigate women aged 50-59 living in the Lund area. The second aim was to increase the understanding of how women's sex role has a restrictive influence on their alcohol habits. To investigate women's alcohol habits I made two quantitative studies. From secondary data I found t
Previous studies have found that launch prices reflect the therapeutic gains of pharmaceuticals (for instance: Ekelund and Persson, 2003, on Sweden and Lu and Comanor, 1998, on the US). Furthermore, Howard et al (2015) found that purely pharmaceutical costs to “Medicare” at launch for new anticancer drugs increased annually, from 1995-2013, after controlling for health benefits and inflation. This
Traditional risk assessment frameworks have been focused primarily on the factors of likelihood and impact, utilizing either a numerical (e.g. 1 to 5) or qualitative (e.g.low,medium, high) rating scale, resulting in the traditional two dimensional framework. The challenge of this model is that the focus is too narrow to eectively assess constantly changing risk environments and fails to dierentiat
Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Utvärdering av borrhålsloggar. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att göra en utvärdering av wireline borrhålsloggar från borrhålet Kyrkheddinge-4, 3 km öster om Staffanstorp i Skåne. Den undersökta delen av borrhålet Kyrkheddinge-4 befinner sig inom den potentiella reservoarsandstenen, Lundasandstenen. Wireline borrhålsloggar är geofysiska verktyg som används This study is an evaluation of formation characteristics, as derived from wire-line well logs, of the Lund Member in the borehole Kyrkheddinge-4, 3 km east of Staffanstorp, Skåne, Sweden, through the comparison to measured core data. The purpose is to assess the feasibility of using some of the porosity and permeability equations and cross-plots derived for the investigated section and applying th
In this work, the mechanical behavior of longitudinal sealings in paper based beverage packages have been investigated trough experimental tests and Finite Element simulations. The mechanical performance of the longitudinal sealing is of great interest when developing and improving beverage packages. Choosing a suitable sealing type is both a performance and cost issue, therefore is better knowled
Background Medication abortion, with a combination of mifepristone and misoprostol, is highly effective and safe. However, there is insufficient evidence on efficacy and safety at very early gestations before a pregnancy can be visualized with ultrasonography. Methods We conducted a multicenter, noninferiority, randomized, controlled trial involving women requesting medication abortion at up to 42
Colored sticky traps are used for management of many common agricultural insect pests. Several recent studies have shown that traps can be improved by systematically considering properties of color vision for the target species. In the current study, we extend this approach to spatial vision, using information about the interommatidial angle of an agriculturally important insect pest, western flow
AIMS: Previous studies show inconsistencies in vasovagal syncope (VVS) symptoms and haemodynamic responses across age and sex groups, with limited evaluation of tilt test results. This study comprehensively examines differences in triggers, prodromal and syncopal symptoms, and head-up tilt test (HUTT) responses among VVS patients by age and sex providing new insights.METHODS AND RESULTS: We analys
Sundarban mangrove is the largest continuous mangrove forest in the world and is the habitat of an incredible amount of biodiversity. Biodiversity loss and degradation of this highly ecologically productive mangrove forest due to climate change will have a tremendous impact on the livelihood of the people living in the deltaic region. The present study was aimed to find out the dynamics of change
Background People with serious respiratory illness frequently have a high symptom burden and may be prescribed supplemental oxygen therapy with the aims of reducing the severity of breathlessness and improving health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of oxygen therapy versus no oxygen on 1) breathlessness, 2) HRQoL and 3) ad
The standard of proof at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is a central, yet underexplored, aspect of its judicial decision-making. Although central in shaping both fact-establishment and judicial outcomes, the articulation and application of the standard of proof by the Court are marked by inconsistency and a lack of transparent justification. This inconsistency is often linked to an assumThe standard of proof at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is a central, yet underexplored, aspect of its judicial decision-making. Although central in shaping both fact-establishment and judicial outcomes, the articulation and application of the standard of proof by the Court are marked by inconsistency and a lack of transparent justification. This inconsistency is often linked to an assum
OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the long-term risk of permanent pacemaker implantation following Cox-maze IV (CMIV) and concurrent mitral valve surgery. METHODS: A retrospective, nationwide, registry-based analysis was conducted on postoperative permanent pacemaker implantation in 397 patients with symptomatic mitral valve insufficiency and atrial fibrillation who underwent CMIV and mitral valve
