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Standard-setting is undoubtedly beneficial to society. Its foremost advantage is that it ensures interoperability between products and thereby increases consumer welfare. Standardization covers a wide range of activities, but for the purpose of this thesis it can be defined as activities that set technical specifications that seek to provide a common design for a product or process. Standards thus
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In early 2010 Mattias Andersson, head of internal logistics at Kraft Foods production of chocolate in Upplands Väsby, experienced his factory as messy and unstructured. He suspected that the factory's inventory levels were higher than what was necessary for the production plant; in order meet its commitments. This led to "waste" represented by high cost of capital and a lot of truck
In the carriage of goods by sea most of the times there are three parties involved - the carrier, the shipper and the consignee. Due to the fact that more often than not they are unrelated to each other, such a relationship presupposes the use of fraudulently issued bills of lading. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the existing legal regimes governing the use of bills of lading and the way
Relationships between personal factors creative potential, expertise, social desirability, and the factor group climate studied in real life work teams dedicated to creativity and innovation. Sample of four groups, three with five members (n = 5), one with three members (n = 3), in total eighteen people (N = 18); nine women (n = 9), nine men (n = 9). Prominent instruments used: for creative potent
I Zinkgruvan, Sverige, bryts zink, bly och silver ur en stratiform malmkropp. Denna anses vara syngenetiskt avsatt och återfinns i metavulkaniska och metasedimentära bergarter. En förkastning, Knallaförkastningen, delar malmförekomsten i två delar. Den västra delen, Knalla, är kraftigt deformerad medan den östra, Nygruvan, har en väl utvecklad lagring. Stratigrafiskt under Zn-Pb-Ag- malmen i västrAt Zinkgruvan, Sweden, zinc, lead and silver are mined from a stratiform ore body. It is considered syngenetic and situated in metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. A fault, the Knalla fault, separates the Zinkgruvan deposit into two parts. In the western part, Knalla, the ore is severely deformed, whereas in the eastern part, Nygruvan, a distinct layering occurs. In the western part of Knalla,
I Kalkheia, Kristiansand, södra Norge går ett marmorstråk där kalk har brutits från 1826 till 1915. Marmorns mäktighet varierar från 0.5 till 5 meter och stråket kan följas ungefär 700 meter. Området består av amfibolitisk gnejs, granitisk gnejs, marmor och pegmatit. Gnejsen och marmorn har varit horisontella lager som har veckats till en synklinal som lutar mot söder. Denna synklinal är ett parasAt Kalkheia, Kristiansand, southern Norway, a marble layer was mined from 1826 to 1915. The thickness of the marble varies from 0.5 to 5 metres and the layer can be followed for 700 metres. The area consists of amphibolitic gneiss, granitic gneiss, marble and pegmatites. The gneiss and the marble have originally been horizontal layers, later folded to a synclinal dipping 181,18. The synclinal is a
Event är korta tidsintervall som skiljer längre episoder med stabila oceaniska förhållanden från varandra. När cirkulationen i världshaven tillfälligt stängs av under ett event förändras fauna- och bergartssammansättningen, och även isotopförhållandena. Målet med detta arbete har varit att utröna hur de sensiluriska brachiopoderna reagerade på det globalt kända Lau Event. På Gotland omfattar det lThe impact of the Ludfordian Lau Primo-Secundo Event on brachiopods from Gotland has been investigated. About 12 000 individuals were identified from five samples. The results are supplemented by an extensive literature study. On Gotland, the Lau Event spans the Botvide Mbr (uppermost När Fm, upper Hemse Group) and the Eke Fm. It caused extinctions, faunal, sedimentary and isotopic changes. Conodo
Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Huvudsyftet med detta examensarbete har varit att dokumentera samt jämföra skånska sandstenar med västgötska sandstenar avsatta under kambrium (ca 570 - 500 miljoner år). De skånska lagren utgörs till stor del av 120 meter sandsten och de västgötska av ca 35 meter. Sandstenen består huvudsakligen av kvartskorn och kallas därför kvartsitisk sandsten. Under kambThe Lower Cambrian strata of the Caledonian foreland of southern Sweden consist mainly of quartzitic sandstones with thicknesses of approximately 35 meters in Västergötland and 120 meters in Skåne. In the distal, moderately buried western members of the File Haidar Formation of Västergötand porosity and permeability was higher than in the proximal deeply buried units of the Hardeberga Formation of
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are commonly present in wetlands, but their functional role there is not well understood. We have quantified the carbon (C) allocation from rice to AMF under different flooding regimes, using stable isotope labeling (13CO2), and assessed the potential phosphorus (P) delivery from AMF to rice by profiling the expression of plant and fungal P transporter genes. The
Finnish samples have been extensively utilized in studying single-gene disorders, where the founder effect has clearly aided in discovery, and more recently in genome-wide association studies of complex traits, where the founder effect has had less obvious impacts. As the field starts to explore rare variants' contribution to polygenic traits, it is of great importance to characterize and confirm
The ecosystem services approach can inform decision-making by accounting for both short- and long-term benefits from different land use options. Here we used the InVEST toolkit to quantify and map key ecosystem services at the largest publicly-owned agro-silvo-pastoral farmstead in Portugal–a site representative for the montado landscape. We analyzed how Provisioning (cork production) and Regulati
The popularization of parallelism is arguably the most fundamental computing challenge for years to come. We present an approach where parallel programming takes place in a restricted (sub-Turing-complete), logic-based declarative language, embedded in Java. Our logic-based language, PQL, can express the parallel elements of a computing task, while regular Java code captures sequential elements. T
Background: Statins are widely used to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD). With advancing age, the risks of statins might outweigh the potential benefits. It is unclear which factors influence general practitioners’ (GPs) advice to stop statins in oldest-old patients. Objective: To investigate the influence of a history of CVD, statin-related side effects, frailty and short life expectancy, on G
This article aims at studying the intergenerational transmission of status within farmers and artisans in the preindustrial area of Barcelona from a siblings’ attainment perspective in a context of impartible inheritance. The data source used are the Marriage License Books from the Barcelona's Diocese compiled in the Barcelona Historical Marriage Database, which for the sixteenth and seventeenth c
Species-rich sandy calcareous grasslands are threatened by land use change, eutrophication and acidification. Disturbance is vital for the persistence of characteristic sandy calcareous grassland species because it provides habitats with low competition, and can lead to increased pH and decreased nutrient availability, which favour many threatened species. Today many sandy calcareous grasslands la
