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Making decisions between alternatives are challenging when there is weak or unreliable knowledge about the risks and benefits of the alternatives. This requires a trade-off between risks (and benefits). Here, we comment on a recent paper on risk–risk trade-offs and highlight the difficulties of making such trade-offs when the available evidence is of different strength. One current example of a ri

För att uppskatta risker av joniserande strålning används begreppet absorberad dos, som är den absorberade energin per massenhet i ett organ. För radioaktiva läkemedel är absorberad dos inte direkt översättbart till risk, bland annat pga heterogena fördelningar av aktivitet på både vävnads- och cellnivå. Denna heterogenitet kan inte mätas med dagens scintillationskamera, då denna har en upplösningThe purpose of this thesis has been to learn the MCNP-code, its theory and limitations, and how to use it in the field of small-scale dosimetry. In order to evaluate the applicability of the code for future dosimetry studies it was applied on a novel small-intestinal dosimetry model. For some radiopharmaceuticals a significant amount of activity is excreted through the gastrointestinal tract. It h

Vid brott med kopplingar till lokala kriminella nätverk är svårigheten att få individer att vittna påtaglig. Åtskilliga individer väljer att förhålla sig passiva och tysta mot rättsväsendet, vilket leder till få uppklarade brott. Vad gäller individer inom nätverken beror tystnaden primärt på faktorer som enskilt gynnande av brottslighet samt inställningen mot rättsväsendet. Hos individer som inte When criminal groups based in socially disadvantaged areas commit crime, there is shown a noticeable difficulty in obtaining witnesses, which leads to few solved cases. Reasons why individuals active in the networks choose to remain silent towards the judicial system depend on factors such as their individual benefits of crime in conjunction with their approach towards the legal system. What conce

This thesis seeks to determine whether it is possible to strike a regulatory balance between satisfying the interests derived from individuals' right to privacy and states' defence of national security. However, the goal of this work is not to conduct an abstract analysis of the interrelations of these, sometimes conflicting, interests but to find practical solutions to a present issue, th

Green and Sustainable Public Procurement are widely recognized as the strategic lever to promote innovation, sustainability, and the strategic tool on environmental and social protections. The extension of sustainability beyond environmental aspects, especially the integration of social and economic aspects is becoming common grounds in most jurisdictions. Meanwhile, this generates a considerable

A simplified branch metric and add-compare-select (ACS) unit is presented for use in trellis-based decoding architectures. The simplification is based on a complementary property of best feedforward and some systematic feedback encoders. As a result, one adder is saved in every other ACS unit. Furthermore, only half the branch metrics have to be calculated. It is shown that this simplification bec

In this study the relationship between spa visiting and health aspects was investigated. An Internet survey was developed and out of 152 participants a group of 54 non-spa visitors who had never been to a spa before were compared to a group of 38 spa visitors who frequently had attended a spa. The results showed that spa visitors had significantly higher levels of well-being and nature connectedne

Aim: With fast track surgery and shorter hospital stay, discharge from hospital after cancer surgery is becoming more challenging for the individual patient. The aim of this study was to explore how patients perceive information after surgery for colorectal cancer, what their information needs are and to determine factors affecting received information. Method: One hundred patients filled in the q

Parallel architectures are essential in order to take advantage of the parallelism inherent in streaming applications. One particular branch of these employ hardware SIMD pipelines. In this paper, we analyse several scheduling techniques, namely ad hoc overlapped execution, modulo scheduling and modulo scheduling with unrolling, all of which aim to efficiently utilize the special architecture desi

We have determined detailed elemental abundances and stellar ages for a sample of now 38 microlensed dwarf and subgiant stars in the Galactic bulge. Stars with sub-solar metallicities are all old and have enhanced alpha-element abundances - very similar to what is seen for local thick disk stars. The metal-rich stars on the other hand show a wide variety of stellar ages, ranging from 3-4 Gyr to 12

Proteoglycan concentrations in knee joint synovial fluid and in serum from patients with various inflammatory arthritides were studied using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with reactive arthritis, calcium pyrophosphate arthorpathy, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (age ≤20 years) had the highest synovial fluid concentrations. These values differed significantly (P < 0.001) from th

Cadmium (Cd) contamination and soil salinity are the main environmental issues reducing crop productivity. This study aimed to examine the combined effects of salinity (NaCl) and Cd on the physiological and biochemical attributes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). For this purpose, 30-day-old plants of quinoa genotype “Puno” were transplanted in Hoagland's nutrient solution containing diverse

Introduction People with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) are at high risk of sustaining a graft rupture and/or contra-lateral ACL injury. The main factors that may predispose individuals for subsequent ACL injuries are, however, not established. To reduce the risk of reinjuries, it is of particular interest to identify modifiable risk-factors, for instance, those related to

Background: Persons with clinical onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) before 65 years of age are diagnosed with early-onset AD (EOAD). The prevalence of EOAD is low, but varies among studies from 6% to 16%. Most individuals with EOAD are still working, have an active social life, and might have children living at home. Therefore, the consequences of being diagnosed early with a disease that implies