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The primary productivity of a plant community can be modeled as the product of the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by the canopy and a light use efficiency factor, where the amount of absorbed PAR (APAR) is the product of the fractional absorption and the amount of incident PAR. By implementing a method, PARcalc, using atmospheric data from the Moderate Resolution Imag

1 Species-rich semi-natural grasslands in Europe developed during prehistoric times and have endured due to human activity. At the same time, intensive grassland management or changes in land use may result in species extinction. As a consequence, plant diversity in semi-natural calcareous grasslands may be related to both historical and current human population density. 2 We hypothesize that cur

BACKGROUND: Postmenopausal hormone therapy (HRT) and oral contraceptive (OC) use have in several studies been reported to be associated with a decreased colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, data on the association between HRT and OC and risk of different clinicopathological and molecular subsets of CRC are lacking. The aim of this molecular pathological epidemiology study was therefore to evalua

Pollination by bees is important for food production. Recent concerns about the declines of both domestic and wild bees, calls for measures to promote wild pollinator populations in farmland. However, to be able to efficiently promote and prioritize between measures that benefit pollinators, such as modified land use, agri-environment schemes, or specific conservation measures, it is important to

Popular Abstract in Swedish Typ 1-diabetes är en allvarlig, autoimmun, sjukdom och Sverige har världens näst högsta antal nya insjuknanden. Varje år diagnostiseras ca 700 individer i Sverige med sjukdomen som kan debutera i alla åldrar. Senare studier tyder dock på att barn med typ 1-diabetes blir allt yngre. Vi vet idag att ärftligheten är kopplad till en specifik gen vilket förklarar ca 30-50% aObjective The primary aim of this thesis was to test whether gestational exposure to environmental factors may induce islet autoimmunity. The second aim was to determine to what extent the exposure to viruses or other environmental factors is a risk factor for type 1 diabetes in the offspring. As children with type 1 diabetes have a higher risk of developing celiac disease (CD), an additional aim

Mutations in pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1) can cause a monogenic form of diabetes (maturity onset diabetes of the young 4) in humans, and silencing Pdx-1 in pancreatic β-cells of mice causes diabetes. However, it is not established whether epigenetic alterations of PDX-1 influence type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans. Here we analyzed mRNA expression and DNA methylation of PDX-1 in human pancr

Popular Abstract in Swedish Det traditionella jordbruket i nordvästra Europa har gynnat förekomsten av många arter under tusentals år och den snabba övergången till modernt jord- och skogsbruk har lett till försämrade förutsättningar för dessa arter. Både internationellt och nationellt finns strategier för att bevara biologisk mångfald. I Sverige är dessa strategier integrerade i miljömål med ansThis thesis explores the relationship between land-use and floristic diversity over the last three millennia in the uplands of southern Sweden. A quantitative approach based on high-resolution pollen data was applied, using the Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm (LRA), historical maps/aerial photographs, palynological richness and new ways to estimate past evenness at regional and local spatial sc

Cells adapt to oxygen shortage, hypoxia, by inducing a transcriptional shift governed mainly by Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1 and HIF-2. In various cancer forms, including neuroblastoma, high expression of HIF-2α correlates with disseminated disease and poor outcome. It has become evident that HIF-1 and HIF-2 are differentially regulated over time and by oxygen levels. HIF-2α is expressed in a

The nineteenth century’s long term planning and successive construction of new burial grounds and new ways of burial, with the help of among others scientific, technical and ideological strategies, have been quite successful in institutionalising a consciousness of what a proper place of death should be like. For the architect Augustus Welby Pugin the promotion of a revival of the Gothic style in

Popular Abstract in English The global energy consumption is increasing regularly due to the increased population and economic development. In contrast the primary energy sources, fossil fuels, are declining substantially. The combustion of fossil fuels contributes to the global climate change via greenhouse effects. To minimize these negative effects a carbon-neutral energy production is demandedThe electrochemical communication between microorganisms and electrodes has substantial implications both for basic understanding of biological electron transfer as well as in diverse applications, such as, microbial electrochemical system (MES), microbial biosensors and in production of valuable chemicals. In these systems the extracellular electron transfer (EET) from microbial metabolism to ele

Popular Abstract in Swedish Humana neutrofiler är vita blodkroppar med den kortaste livslängden. Varje dag frisätts det miljoner neutrofiler från benmärgen till blodet. Från blodbanan är neutrofiler de första celler som anländer och samlas i en infekterad vävnad. Neutrofiler är mest kända för deras anti-mikrobiella funktion. Dessa celler är rustade med olika proteiner för att kunna hitta och döda The human neutrophil is the most abundant granulocyte and the major type of cell involved in an acute inflammatory response. Neutrophils are armed with various systems of enzymes, that can find and kill pathogens, but unfortunately, these "weapons" cannot distinguish between the host tissues and the "invaders." Therefore, an extensive neutrophil reaction leads to continuous release of toxic metabo

Popular Abstract in Swedish TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor eller Tumör-Nekrotisk-Faktor) är en molekyl som utsöndras av kroppens makrofager (latin för storätare) när dessa kommer i kontakt med bakterier. Det TNF som bildas aktiverar andra celler, särskilt vita blodkroppar och de celler som täcker blodkärlsväggens yta (endotelceller). Syftet med detta är att aktivera kroppens immunförsvar och döda baktTNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which binds to two cell surface receptors, TNF-R55 and TNF-R75. The receptors undergo proteolytic cleavage and release a fragment (soluble TNF-receptors or TNF-Binding Protein), TNF-R55-BP and TNF-R75-BP. Soluble TNF-receptors are able to bind and inactivate TNF. The release of soluble TNF-receptors was measured with ELISA. TNF binding cap

To address the importance of antigen-presenting cells for the survival of intracerebral neural allografts, allogeneic spleen cells were added to the graft tissue before transplantation. Dissociated embryonic, dopamine-rich mesencephalic and adult spleen tissues were prepared from either inbred Lewis or Sprague-Dawley rats. A mixture of neural and spleen cells was sterotaxically transplanted into t

Objective: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been successful at identifying associations with stroke and stroke subtypes, but have not yet identified any associations solely with small vessel stroke (SVS). SVS comprises one quarter of all ischemic stroke and is a major manifestation of cerebral small vessel disease, the primary cause of vascular cognitive impairment. Studies across neuro