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Traditionally, traffic safety is expressed through the number of accidents (crashes) or people injured, since these are the most direct manifestations of an unsafe traffic environment. As we discuss in this chapter, such an approach has its limitations due to the low frequency of accidents and some other issues. Neither is it unusual that accident data is not available, not reliable or lacks impor

Recent years has seen a number of music researchers taking interest in the concept of affordances. Although interpretation of the concept varies, a common denominator is that affordances are opportunities for actions emerging between a subject and the environment. As such, it is an analytical perspective that highlights material and embodied dynamics of musical practice, dimensions central to musi

Dendritic cells (DCs) operate as the link between innate and adaptive immunity. Their expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as TLRs and CLRs, enable antigen recognition and mediate appropriate immune responses. Distinct subsets of human DCs have been identified; however their PRRs expressions are not fully clarified. Especially, expressions of CLRs by DC subpopulations remain el

Feedback controllers are typically applied to computing systems by acting on some quantities ("tunable parameters" in the computer science lexicon, think e.g. of a packet drop rate) in order to attain some goal (e.g., a required bandwidth allocation). In other words, control loops are closed around the computing system, that exposes tunable parameters as control actuators, and allows to measure so

Many model-based tuning methods for PI(D) controllers, especially - but not exclusively - in the process control domain, employ models with delay. Doing so has advantages, basically in terms of tuning rules' simplicity, but also potential drawbacks, especially from the standpoint of performance (and sometimes robustness). This manuscript aims at initiating and fostering a critical discussion on th

Uppsatsen redogör inledningsvis för ett antal viktiga rättsfall och principer i EU-rätten. Sedan beskrivs den nuvarande korrigeringsregelns internationella förlaga, armlängdsprincipen i artikel 9, tillsammans med OECD:s riktlinjer som korrigeringsregeln följer. Därefter beskrivs korrigeringsregeln i svensk rätt och rättsfallet Diligentia. Ur denna genomgång extraheras ett tillämpningsområde. UppsaThis thesis begins by accounting for some important court-cases and principles of EU-law. It will then describe the international predecessor of the current 'correction-rule', the Arms Lenght Principle in Article 9, together with the OECD guidelines, under which the correction-rule to some extent abide. The thesis moves forward to describe the correction-rule in swedish law and the importa

The purpose was to investigate whether the Merton Model works in emerging markets and if it does how efficient it works there compared to in mature markets. Findings show that the Merton model works in emerging markets and considers country specific information, yet only through stock prices and volatility. However, the model does not account for quality and availability of information in thes

This study aims to contribute to solving the mystery associated with smart investment strategies. It seems impossible to find an extraordinary investment strategy that can outperform the usual returns on the market. Including 116 stocks from Stockholmsbörsens large and mid cap, this study examines if alpha values are stable over time, and if so an investment in a portfolio based on high alpha valu

In 2017 the Swedish government takes the decision that conscription will be reactivated after eight years of sleep. Major system changes like this need time to find their path so they are able to produce. Therefore, several questions are raised ahead of the reactivation of the conscription. This study answers to the question why the conscription was taken back in service. The answer and driving fo

This thesis examines the question of whether Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway are under an obligation to refer questions on the interpretation of EEA law to the EFTA Court (the Court). These countries enjoy access to the EU’s internal market through the EEA Agreement. Article 34 of the Surveillance and Court Agreement, concluded between the EEA/EFTA States, establishes an advisory opinion procedu

Ecuador has experienced a drastic political transformation since the return to neoliberalism under the reign of president Lenin Moreno. Political contentions between the government, environmentalists, and indigenous peoples have led to increased social resistance, protesting the use of extractivism and other neoliberal policies to increase economic growth and relieve national debt. In 2019, the Wa

This paper examines the relationship between population growth and economic growth in the European Union during 1962-2017. By combining earlier research and economic growth theory a combined model is presented, which attempts to capture both positive and negative outcomes of population growth on economic growth. The aim of the study is to contribute to earlier research by focusing on the general e

The UK was considered to be one of Sweden’s best friends and allies in the European Union. When the UK decided to leave in 2016, Sweden was forced to reconsider their strategy for maximising its influence in the union. In 2020 Sweden’s strategy to join the frugal four seemed to become more permanent. The frugal four is a group of nations including, Denmark, The Netherlands, Austria and Sweden. The

Den internationella arenan domineras av stater. Staters existens är befäst i sedvanerätten genom Montevideokonventionen. Det har dock i ivern att hålla sig fast vid denna uppstått en uppfattning om att de kriterierna som krävs för att något kan anses vara en stat, också blir gällande e contrario i hänsyn till när stater ska anses upphöra att existera. En av de fyra kriterierna är kriteriet om terrThe global arena is dominated by states. The existence of a state is regulated in the Montevideo Convention on the Rights of States. There does however seem, that in the desire to follow this convention, a definitive opinion that states losing one of the criteria set up by the convention, also means losing their stateship, as a Montevideo Convention e contrario, if you will. One of these four crit