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I takt med att EU skapat sig en större roll för samhandeln mellan de anslutande medlemsländerna har den EU-rättsliga ordningen inverkat på vissa av de nationella rättsystemen. Ett relativt nytt system har frivilligt införts i den svenska rätten vilket behandlar bekämpningsmedel för konkurrensöverskridande samarbeten som karteller. Denna kartellbekämpande ordning, kallad eftergiftssystemet, har intAs the EU has become an important role for the reciprocal trade between the acceding Member States, the legal order of EU has had an effect on some of the national legal systems. A relatively new system has been voluntarily introduced into the Swedish law, with the purpose to combat competitive cross-collaborations like cartels. This cartel enforcement order, known as the Leniency system, has not

To defend a market, the acting firms need defence strategies. The eight Arctic States have all published their own national strategic document for the Arctic region. In the Strategies they describe how they will act in this Arctic market. The Arctic is an area undergoing a change. With the last decades of melting ices as a result of the increased global warming, the Arctic is a more available regi

Commonly, air pollution is treated by the European Union (EU) and its member states as a structural problem with technical, one-size-fit-all solutions. The EU has the ambition to follow the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals , Agenda 2030 , in which, for example, gender equality is highlighted. Yet, the legislation on toxic air does not explicitly mention how they aim to achieve social

Följande uppsats undersöker ifall principen om respekt för förvärvade rättigheter kan användas för att skydda etableringsfriheten för juridiska personer efter en avtalslöst Brexit. Sedan Storbritanniens folkomröstning har akademiker spekulerat över principens tillämpning för att skydda de rättigheter som härstammar från EU-rätten. Vissa hävdar att principen är tillämplig medan andra hävdar att en This thesis examines if the principle of respect for acquired rights can be used to protect the right of establishment for legal persons in the case of a No-Deal Brexit. Following the referendum, scholars and politicians have speculated over the Principle’s applicability on EU rights. Some claim that the Principle can be used to protect EU rights while others considers it unreasonable. This thesis

The primacy of hegemonic structures that shape political processes is relevant to purvey an extensive grasp of which central power dynamic is in effect. The United States has a significant role in the international context and frequently incurs the attention of the world when dealing with issues of global nature. This paper studies how American Exceptionalism, a tendency on the U.S. part to view i

Distinktionsprincipen är en av de mest fundamentala principerna i internationell humanitär rätt. Distinktionsprincipen grundades i St. Petersburgdeklarationen från 1868 och syftade till att minska det dödliga våldet mot civila i väpnade konflikter. Principen är nu kodifierad i artikel 48, 51(2) och 52(2) i det första tilläggsprotokollet till Genevekonventionen. Det är lättast att utläsa principen The principle of distinction is one of the cardinal principles of international humanitarian law. The principle of distinction originated in the St. Petersburg Declaration in 1868, aiming to limit the civilian casualties in warfare. The principle is now codified in article 48, 51(2), 52(2) of the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Convention. The principle is most prominent in article 48. Th

This chapter takes an interest in the construction of gendered knowledge in the digital space. Through an analysis of the digital activism of the epistemic agent Nadia Murad, survivor of the genocide against the Yazidi, the chapter investigates how she departs from her personal, embodied experience of ISIS violence to advocate for justice, recognition and reparation. Through the methodological app

The purpose of this essay is to investigate the validity of the hypothesis that there is a negative relationship between female official representation and the level of corruption in developing states. The possibility of a reversed causality is also considered. This is done through statistical analysis combined with a theoretical framework. The results show a weak relationship between the level o

The aim of this thesis is to spread some light over the coming into being of the 2005 Pension Reform in Norway. The point of departure lies within an interest in Welfare State politics and the development in this field. Pensions constitute a cornerstone in the Welfare State. Making use of J. Kingdon´s Theory of the Agenda Setting Process, Discourse Theory and Institutional Theory the thesis seek t

We predictably believe that immense natural resources would generate large revenues and wealth within a country. Nevertheless, a lot of evidences show the contrary. Empirical studies find that resource abundance, economic collapse, civil wars, and political instability are well correlated. This indeed creates a complex puzzle as to why natural blessing has not always brought wealth in most resourc

Modern technology has brought opportunities to reach an audience beyond national, cultural and social borders. The intention of the study is to explore how rhetoric can be used as a practical and analytical tool to overcome conflict and create unity between the speakers and their audience. In other words: How can rhetoric be used as a community- and identitybuilding resource to reduce the distance

Absorption and fluorescence spectral properties of J-aggregates of core-tetrasubstituted perylene bisimide (PBI) dyes have been investigated in the temperature range from 300 to 5 K. A special feature of the present PBI J-aggregates is that, in contrast to classical J-aggregates like that of pseudoisocyanine (PIC), the chromophores are held together not only by van-der-Waals interactions but also

We report an investigation of the structural and dynamic properties of mixtures of food colloid casein micelles and low molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide). A combination of visual observations, confocal laser scanning microscopy, diffusing wave spectroscopy, and oscillatory shear rheometry is used to characterize the state diagram of the mixtures and describe the structural and dynamic properti

The use of new powerful nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques to identify and screen for prevalence of parasites has a huge potential. It allows for the detection and identification of low-intensity infections, but its high sensitivity and technical setup may also induce problems. Here, we report a cautionary note regarding misleading amplification of avian malaria species (Haemoproteu

Positional cloning of susceptibility genes in complex diseases like rheumatoid arthritis in humans is hampered by aspects like genetic heterogeneity and environmental variations, while genetic studies in animal models contain several advantages. With animal models, the environment can be controlled, the genetic complexity of the disease is minimized and the disease onset can be predicted, which si

We conducted a cross-sectional pilot study on healthy pre-menopausal women (aged 45-50 years) living in Granada, in the south of Spain (n = 39) and Malmo, in the south of Sweden (n = 38) in order to compare their plasma carotenoid levels and to investigate the relationship between the differences in food consumption. Plasma concentrations of six carotenoids were measured using high performance liq