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Parasites often have reduced genomes as their own genes become redundant when utilizing their host as a source of metabolites, thus losing their own de novo production of metabolites. Primate malaria parasites can synthesize vitamin B1 (thiamine) de novo but rodent malaria and other genome-sequenced apicomplexans cannot, as the three essential genes responsible for this pathway are absent in their
The genomic architecture of organisms, including nucleotide composition, can be highly variable, even among closely-related species. To better understand the causes leading to structural variation in genomes, information on distinct and diverse genomic features is needed. Malaria parasites are known for encompassing a wide range of genomic GC-content and it has long been thought that Plasmodium fa
This chapter will analyse the Trade secret Directive from a technological informed legal perspective, looking at the possibilities and scope of protection that it offers for knowledge based activities and business models. It opens by restating the basic yet important fact that “Information is power”. Asymmetries in information are a fundamental transaction cost and in this sense informational qual
The protection of trade secrets in Portugal and Spain has been derived from general legal principles (of Civil Law, Penal Law and Unfair Marketing Law). This chapter on implementation of the Trade Secrets Directive (TS Directive) in Portugal and Spain presents the traditional views and positions and the implementation of the TS Directive into the respective national legal orders.In Portugal, imple
If translation is an act of meaning transaction, semiotics should be able to define its specificity in relation to other semiotic acts. Instead, following upon suggestions by Roman Jakobson, the Tartu school, and, more implicitly, Charles Sanders Peirce, the notion of translation has been generalized to cover more or less everything that can be done within and between semiotic resources. In this p
The study of metaphor currently being made in the wake of Lakoff may contribute important knowledge of the traits most relevant to iconicity, but it fails to account for the nature of metaphors, which suppose a wilful misclassification of phenomena, which leads to a state of semantic tension. Taking our point of departure in an interpretation of the Peircean categories that we have proposed in a r
Semiotics is generally conceived as being opposed to phenomenology, but such an opposition can only result from taking too much for granted, about both phenomenology and semiotics. While recognising that semiotics and phenomenology are historically different traditions, the present essay suggests that these traditions have a lot in common and that their very differences may give rise to fruitful p
