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The purpose of this thesis is to test whether firms have target capital structure, and if so with what speed they adjust toward this target. Findings that support this purpose are also in line with the trade off theory. One of the key elements of this thesis is the method used, which successfully enables fulfilling the purpose. The panel data method captures the data characteristics of the cross s

Urban green spaces (UGS) can have a positive impact on health and thereby potentially ease the strain on the health care system. However, the availability and benefits seem to vary between different sociodemographic groups. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between sociodemographic factors and availability to UGS among people aged 65 years or older. Data on sociodemographic var

Although cannabis abuse (CA) is known to be associated with schizophrenia, the causal nature of this association is unclear, with prodromal effects complicating its interpretation.

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a large group of chemicals which are highly persistent in both nature and humans. The use of the most prominent ones, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), was reduced in the early 21st century, and since then levels in human matrices have decreased. However, these two compounds have been exchanged by other PFAAs, for which time trends

Ongoing debates on spatial justice often highlight bottom-up struggles by movements making demands on the state. This kind of narrative certainly reflects the limitations imposed by decades of neoliberal reforms that have pushed back the formal influence of grassroots in many areas. With the hegemonic formation that sustained neoliberal rule in prolonged crisis, there are now more openings for rad

In order to achieve environmental goals, the impact of the European building stock on the environment needs to be reduced through renovation measures. However, regarding heritage buildings, the choice of measure(s) must simultaneously consider the preservation of cultural and historical values. Besides the impact on such values, energy-efficiency measures can result in increased risks for moisture

The Personality Differentiation by Intelligence Hypothesis (PDIH) predicts larger trait-variances, and smaller across-trait covariances for individuals with higher intelligence. We tested these predictions using multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses (MG-CFA), while controlling for the potential confound of systematic method variance related to reversed items using a correlated trait, correla

Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common causes of acute abdominal pain. Differences in the management of this large group of patients has important consequences for the patients and the healthcare system. Controversies regarding the understanding of the natural course of the disease, the utility of new diagnostic methods, and alternative treatments have lead to large variations in

Open and shared government data and services offer an instrument for achieving innovation, interoperability, and transparency in public services but require relevant competency, resources, and culture to realise, something that the public sector actors often lack. In this case study, we exemplify how these challenges to data sharing may be tackled through horizontal coordination in the case of Tra

Judging an individual’s loyalty in security-sensitive roles is a high-stakes task, yet little is known about the extent and sources of variability in such judgments. This study examined how 58 participants with experience in personnel security assessment evaluated applicant profiles connected to five different countries. Each participant reviewed five protocols and judged whether the case containe