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Banks are normally heavily indebted with equity levels of 5-10 percent of total assets or even lower. The assets consist mainly of short-term and long-term loans, funded by deposits which can be withdrawn at short notice. In order to avoid excessive withdrawals, which is called a bank run, deposit insurance systems, guaranteed by the state, are generally in operation. The financial sector is chara

Today, one of the needs of the railway information systems is sharing the precise and exact data among varieties of stakeholders. In addition, efficient use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) encourages the railways administrations to centralize their data and prepare an information model whose purpose is to reduce the demands associated with the transformation of the data. One such reducti

Authors: Andersson, Carl-Johan and Löfstrand, Pontus Supervisors: Nilsson, Lars J. Department of Technology and Society, Environmental and Energy Systems Studies, Lund University. Yard, Stefan, Department of Business Administration, Lund University. Kling, Åsa, Vattenfall Utveckling AB. Issues: One reasonable effect of emissions trading is arising incentives for cutting fossil fuel usage. One effe

Throughout the pursuit of environmental sustainability, the attention placed on governments’ responsibility to reduce environmental degradation has progressively decreased and rather, began focusing on the attitudes and behaviours of individuals. Overtime, this increasing attention placed on the individual highlighted the central role which citizens have in creating and pushing for a sustainable s

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS; OMIM 122470) is a rare multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation syndrome characterized by distinctive dysmorphic facial features, severe growth and developmental delay and abnormalities of the upper limbs. About 50% of CdLS patients have been found to have heterozygous mutations in the NIPBL gene and a few cases were recently found to be caused by mutations

Several studies have reported associations between restricted fetal development, as shown by birth weight or birth length, and later ischaemic heart disease (IHD). However, few studies have examined the importance of these perinatal factors when taking into account gestational age at birth, hereditary factors, sociodemographic factors and comorbidities. This study investigated the importance of pe

On 14 November 2012 the new EU-directive 2012/27/EU was published in the Official Journal of the European Union. In the directive there is a requirement, among others, for individual consumption meters for heat and hot water to be installed by 31 December 2016 in multi-apartment buildings. Individual consumption meters had earlier been found to create a saving behavior due to the tenants being cha

In a democratic system, various party political views are set against each other, i.e. there are opposing positions, for voters to choose between, because in a democratic system the power proceeds from the people. However, national parliaments within the EU are criticised for their democratic deficit, which can be caused by the lack of opposition, a so called opposition deficit. The problem is con

Tourism is an important income for regions, where souvenirs play an important part. As we are heading into a more creatively oriented tourism, visitors are encouraged to participate rather than merely observe. The current supply of static objects symbolized by the host region, do not necessarily fulfill the underlying purpose of a souvenir; helping you remember a special moment in your life. Memo