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Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remains of ancient retroviral infections of the germ line and constitute as much as 3 % of the human genome. HERVs are genetic elements that potentially may provide important biological functions by several different mechanisms. The ability to transpose long after the initial insertion into the germ line may provide a potent source of insertional mutagenes

Diagnostic tests based on nucleic acid amplification have become available for Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and influenza viruses. Here, an MP PCR test detected 100% of infections during the first three symptomatic weeks, whereas classical serology detected 21% week 1, 56% week 2, and 100% week 3. Positive PCR results were uncommon in healthy individuals. Levels of MP DNA were significantly higher i

The standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) remains one of the most important and most frequently used tools for diagnosing cardiac diseases, although several different examination modalities in cardio¬logy have been developed over the years. The standard ECG uses 10 electrodes placed on well-defined positions on the body, 6 on the torso and 4 distally on the limbs. Both industry and academia hav

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) present an interesting and relevant model for studying microbial adaptation. After establishing significant numbers, the bacteria either cause severe disease, or an asymptomatic carrier state resembling the normal flora at other mucosal sites. Patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) are protected from re-infection if the strain that they carry outcompetes more

During the last decades considerably more of medical students’ clinical training has shifted into general practice. The aim of this thesis was to study medical students’ learning experiences in general practice, work-based assessment, and the perspectives of GP supervisors and patients. Results Senior students’ learning in a portfolio pilot was mainly on patient-centred communication, clinical re

In the blood system, knowledge on the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their immature progeny has provided roadmaps of differentiation. Such information can also have a value to understand the etiology of hematological cancers, since clinical heterogeneity and prognostic therapeutic outcomes have been proposed to associate with the specific developmental stage from which the trans

Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer in women globally, with approximately 240,000 new cases annually. Although a rare disease, it is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Unspecific symptoms result in late diagnosis and a generally poor prognosis. However, ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprising different disease entities, which is of importance in clinical decision-mak

Androgens regulate male reproductive function and their effects are mediated through the androgen receptor (AR). The AR gene contains a polymorphic CAG repeat, encoding a stretch of glutamines, affecting the transcriptional activity of the AR. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a downstream target and is commonly used in the screening of prostate cancer. The relationship between CAG number and mal

There is an intensive interest in characterising the structure and function of galectins, which is not surprising given their many important cellular functions and strong implications in human disease. Understanding the mechanisms involved in galectin functions will help to find selective and novel strategies for disease treatment and diagnosis. A key to this lies in their carbohydrate binding spe

Genom att infoga en material adverse change –klausul (”MAC”-klausul) i låneavtalet garanterar låntagaren att ingen väsentlig negativ förändring av dennes ekonomi inträffar under lånets löptid. Om en sådan förändring inträffar ges långivaren en rätt att säga upp lånet till förtida betalning. Uppsägning sker dock mycket sällan. Normalt används klausulen istället som ett påtryckningsmedel vid en omföBy inserting a material adverse change clause (a “MAC”- clause) into a loan agreement the borrower represents that no material adverse change in its economy will occur during the term of the loan. If such a change does occur, the lender is entitled to terminate the contract and require immediate repay-ment. Yet, MAC- clauses are rarely used to terminate a contract. Instead, the most common usage o

Artikel 6 i Europakonventionen för de mänskliga rättigheterna stadgar en rätt till en rättvis rättegång. Ett av de många drag som utmärker en rättvis rättegång är likställdhet mellan parterna. I denna uppsats undersöks innebörden av principen om parternas likställdhet och huruvida den svenska brottmålsprocessen tillgodoser de rättigheter som uppställs i Europa-konventionen. Principen om parterna

Det amerikanska rättsinstitutet discovery innebär en skyldighet att överläm-na, av part efterfrågad, information som relaterar till processen. Ett disco-very-förfarande kan få verkan i Sverige då Federal Rules of Civil Procedure fokuserar på kontroll av informationen och inte på dess geografiska belä-genhet. Att inte överlämna efterfrågad information kan straffas enligt Fede-ral Rules of Civil Pro

EU-rättens arbetsrättslagstiftning hade i sitt inledningsskede främst till syfte att undvika konkurrenshinder och att säkra den fria rörligheten. Med tiden utvecklades dock arbetsrätten till att lägga större fokus på det sociala området, sociala handlingsprogram antogs och att uppnå jämlikhet mellan könen blev med tiden något eftersträvansvärt. Utvecklingen fortsatte och likabehandlingsdirektivet The labour legislation in the EU had in its early stages the purpose to avoid barriers of competition and to ensure the free movement within the union. Over time, as EU labour law developed, a greater focus was put on social matters and achieving gender equality became desirable. As a part of this development, the Equal Treatment Directive was adopted. The Directive regulated equal opportunities i

Uppsatsens syfte har varit att beskriva den svenska sexmånadersregeln i IL 3 kap. 9 § första stycket, och utreda om den i en situation där lön utbetalas retroaktivt kan verka diskriminerande och därmed strida mot EU-rätten. Som obegränsat skattskyldig i Sverige är man enligt bosättningsprincipen skattskyldig för alla sina inkomster här, även sådana inkomster som kommer från utlandet. Sexmånadersre