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Den 11 juni 2013 kom Högsta domstolen efter ett avgörande i plenum fram till att rätten att inte bli lagförd eller straffad två gånger för samma brott omfattar det svenska systemet med skattetillägg och påföljd för brott mot skattebrottslagen. Avgörandet väcker frågan om det i svensk rätt finns en liknande problematik på andra rättsområden. Ett exempel där dubbla förfarande används återfinns inom

Abstract: The complexity of health relates to the interplay between numerous factors, e.g., biological and genetic factors, sociodemographic factors, life-style, environmental factors as well as health care services, all possibly acting throughout the life-course. While earlier health theories mainly have focused on adult life style as causes of adult ill-health, life-course research has in recent

In the thesis work, two X-ray scattering techniques, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) were combined to study particle formation in-situ and non-intrusively in ethylene laboratory flames. Combining these two techniques enabled information concerning the size and concentration as well as the subnanometer structure of the nanoparticles within the 1–100 nm range there to be obtai

Background: Emergency Department (ED) overcrowding occurs when the need for ED services outstrips available resources. Causes have been divided into input, throughput, and output factors, of which the last appear to be the most influential. Unavailability of inpatient beds (so-called “access block,” or “hospital crowding”) impairs ED output and is associated with increased waiting times in the ED

Den vanligaste formen för utländska företag att bedriva verksamhet i Sverige är genom ett svenskt aktiebolag. Så har det varit under mycket lång tid men sedan år 1955 finns även möjligheten att bedriva verksamheten genom en svensk filial. Aktiebolagsformen är alltjämt vanligast men filialformen har med åren blivit mer populär. Vid utgången av år 2012 fanns 2 631 filialer registrerade i Sverige. Fi

This thesis focuses on empirical applications and tests of macroeconomic theories. It consists of three fairly distinct essays, bound together by the common theme of the use of cointegration analysis in the empirical macroeconomic analysis. The first chapter is an introductory chapter, while chapter two, three and four contain the three essays. The first essay, Wage Formation and the Relation bet

Objective The primary aim of this thesis was to test whether gestational exposure to environmental factors may induce islet autoimmunity. The second aim was to determine to what extent the exposure to viruses or other environmental factors is a risk factor for type 1 diabetes in the offspring. As children with type 1 diabetes have a higher risk of developing celiac disease (CD), an additional aim

In previous studies, a high quality diet has been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to a low diet quality, and specific “healthy” diet components, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), have been hypothesized to reduce the risk of CVD. However, results from epidemiological studies have been conflicting. This may be due to individuals having varied geneti

Osteoporosis is a systemic, skeletal disease with the consequence of an increased risk of sustaining a fracture, one of the most common fractures being a vertebral fracture. The lifetime risk of sustaining a clinically diagnosed vertebral fracture from age 50 years onward is 8% in men and 15% in women. These fractures are followed by increased morbidity and mortality as well as an increased risk o

Ehrlichia phagocytophila is a tick-borne pathogen of domestic animals, which has recently been acknowledged also as a human pathogen. It is a strictly intracellular bacterium, infecting granulocytes of the host, sometimes resulting in clinical disease - granulocytic ehrlichiosis - with manifestations ranging from mild flu-like conditions to severe infections with multi-organ failure and death. Thi

The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and heart failure (HF) among individuals with diabetes is at least two times greater than in non-diabetic subjects. However, the excess risk of CVD in diabetic subjects seems to decrease with age. As the majority of patients with diabetes, CVD and HF are elderly it is important to establish the extent to which the associations between these conditions diffe

Biological organisms have an incredible ability to adapt to almost any environment and the humans activities on earth have created many new habitats for different kinds of organisms. For example can certain organisms grow on rocks and vertical cliffs, and when humans started building houses with mineral based façades, some organisms found that these were new habitats to live on. Some of these expa

Some phytoplankton have the ability to combine phototrophy and heterotrophy within the same individual, which is called mixotrophy. In this thesis, I adress mixotrophy and competitive interactions of mixotrophs and obligate auto- or heterotrophs in relation to the availability of nutrients, light and prey. In addition, I examine the biomass of mixotrophic phytoplankton and their grazing impact on