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This thesis aims to analyse the borderline between private importation and retail sales of alcohol on the EU internal market. This thesis shows that according to the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the definition of private import is a complex assessment that depends on several factors. Among other indicators, it depends on the shipping and logistics procedure. To be classi

Mineral elements in drinking water have been in focus for more than a decade, especially as the habit of drinking bottled water has increased, not the least among young people. Minerals in drinking water have become more important since minerals in food, especially in vegetables, have decreased substantially the last decades. This thesis includes four different studies. In the first study 20 munic

The aims were to assess the prevalence of ovarian tumors in fertile asymptomatic women and to evaluate the risk of ovarian cancer in women with a history of benign ovarian tumors and endometriosis. In order to search for biomarkers in ovarian tumors, the plasminogen activating (PA) system was studied. A random sample of women 25-40 years old was invited to a transvaginal ultrasonography examinati

As our dependence on IT systems increases, evaluating the dependability of critical IT systems becomes more important. This is especially true for systems that are critical in a crisis situation and whose dependability is an important factor in an organisation's capability to resolve a crisis. Because crisis situations are typically rare events, both the dependability and the criticality of IT sys

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a multifactorial disease, which has made it difficult to resolve its pathophysiology. We investigated processes that could contribute to the development of T2D. In addition to well-known hallmarks of the disease, such as defective insulin secretion, insulin resistance and perturbed glucagon secretion, we aimed to find a possible role for CLOCK genes in the pathogenesis of

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), phthalates, manganese and selenium are ubiquitous in the environment and humans and influence fetal growth and development. Register and biobank based case-control studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between prenatal exposure to these chemicals and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood. The study base comprised children bo

The aim of this study is to discuss how ?soliciting? (non-native speakers? requests of native speakers for help in how to express themselves in a foreign language) may play a part in the triggering of SPAs (Séquences Potentiellement Acquisitionnelles or ?learning?teaching sequences?). The beneficial effect of SPAs for learning is still controversial, since no correlation has yet been shown between

No consensus regarding outcomes assessment in spine patients exists. Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) questionnaires are increasingly used. The objective of this thesis was the evaluation of HRQoL measures before and after lumbar spine surgery, and their relation to other evaluation parameters as well as relevance of differences. The patients included were operated on for lumbar spine disor

This thesis takes its starting point in the large spread and rise in obesity prevalence that have been observed around the world, making obesity an increasing public health concern. The thesis consists of an introductory chapter, which justifies the study of obesity from economic perspectives and puts the subsequent studies in context, and four studies that address obesity from different economic