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This thesis examines the phenomena of third-party enforcement in public international law, in a historical as well as in a contemporary perspective. To that end, it traces the role of such enforcement measures from the past into the present. It also studies the potential discrepancies between current unilateral sanctions and the recent changes experienced by international law at large. Two legal m
Under de senaste åren har södra halvklotet och den vidsträckta Södra oceanen fått ökad upp-märksamhet och betydelse inom det vetenskapliga samfundet med avseende på globala klimatförändringar och den globala CO2-cykeln, särskilt vad gäller förhållandena under senaste istidsmaximum (Last Glacial Maximum, LGM) och holocen. Man menar att Västvindbältet på södra halvklotet (Southern Hemisphere WesterlIn recent years, the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and the vast Southern Ocean (SO) have gained awareness and importance within the scientific community in relation to global climate change and the global CO2 cycle, par-ticularly since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and into the Holocene. It is believed that the Southern Hemi-sphere Westerlies (SHW) play a key role in regulating climate change in the m
Popular Abstract in Swedish Intresset för förnybara bränslen har ökat stadigt under de senaste åren. Att byta ut fossila mot förnybara bränslen kan minska utsläppen av växthusgaser till atmosfären och därmed minska klimatpåverkan av dessa men även minska vårt beroende av olja. Biobränslen som t.ex. etanol, biodiesel eller biogas, räknas till förnybara bränslen eftersom de inte bidrar till en ackumReplacing fossil fuels by biofuels such as ethanol is considered a promising alternative to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigate climate change. Biofuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass, so-called second generation biofuels, result in decreased GHG emissions and limit competition with food and animal feed production. Interest in producing ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass ha
Addressing sustainability concerns in supply chain operations can be a matter of long-term business survival for food retailers. However, regardless of whether it is perceived as a risk or market opportunity, acting across the value chain to address unsustainable production and consumption practices has been a constant challenge. This thesis investigated the sustainable supply chain management (SS
Terrestrial ectotherms are challenged by variation in both mean and variance of temperature. Phenotypic plasticity (thermal acclimation) might mitigate adverse effects, however, we lack a fundamental understanding of the molecular mechanisms of thermal acclimation and how they are affected by fluctuating temperature. Here we investigated the effect of thermal acclimation in Drosophila melanogaster
The Expansion of Higher Education in the Swedish the Welfare State and the Reconfiguration of its Professional Workforce Gunnar Olofsson The rapid expansion of the Swedish university sector has channelled many students into study programs that lead to employment in new kinds of jobs, occupations and professional groups. There are three main reasons why more and more occupations get their trai
Popular Abstract in Swedish Selen är ett essentiellt näringsämne som behövs för att upprätthålla flera viktiga funktioner i kroppen, huvudsakligen genom en speciell grupp proteiner som heter selenoproteiner. Det finns minst 25 stycken olika selenoproteiner i människan och flera av dem skyddar kroppen mot oxidation medan vissa andra sköter regleringen av sköldkörtelhormoner. Många selenoproteiners
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a holoenzyme consisting of a regulatory subunit, the heterodimeric Ku70/86, and a catalytic subunit known as DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). DNA-PK takes part in a number of cellular functions including growth control, immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and DNA repair. The Ku86 subunit of DNA-PK has been reported to exist in human
Popular Abstract in Swedish Alla levande organismer består av celler som tillsammans med molekyler generellt kallade extracellulär matrix bildar en vävnad. Celler innehåller fyra huvudgrupper av byggstenar: socker, fettsyror, aminosyror och nukleotider, vilka i tur och ordning bildar kolhydrater, fetter, proteiner och nukleinsyror. I vävnaderna pågår en ständig omsättning av byggstenarna och molekThis thesis describes structural and functional studies of alpha-1-microglobulin (a1m), a 26 kDa plasma and tissue protein that is evolutionarily well-conserved and belongs to the lipocalin superfamily. The lipocalins are polypeptides of 160-190-amino acids that are folded into an 8-stranded beta-barrel forming a pocket with a hydrophobic interior. a1m carries heterogeneous yellow-brown chromophor
Popular Abstract in Swedish Traditionellt har olika aspekter av ett ekosystem studerats var för sig inom olika ekologiska discipliner såsom växtfysiologi, forskning om hur organismer interagerar med varandra och forskning om hur ekosystem som helhet beter sig. Denna avhandling innehåller exempel på att simulationsmodeller gör det möjligt att undersöka hur de olika processerna samverkar för att forPlant physiology, population dynamics and the structure and functioning of ecosystems are closely interrelated. However, these processes are often investigated independently within different subdisciplines of ecology. Mechanistic models of ecosystem structure and functioning combine representations of processes operating at a range of scales and levels of organisation, providing a tool for the des
The Complement system is a main effector mechanism of the innate immune system, acting to enhance clearance of pathogens, but also aids removal of biological debris from the body, including immunocomplexes, apoptotic/necrotic cells and protein aggregates. Complement regulators serve to prevent excessive inflammation and their interaction with the same materials targeted by the complement system re
Video capsule endoscopy (VCE), perfomed by ingesting a small vitamin-sized camera pill, was developed over a period of a couple of decades and –since its introduction in clinical practice at the dawn of the millennium– has become an essential tool in the diagnosis and management of small bowel (SB) diseases. At the same time, other fields such as minimally invasive diagnosis of other parts of the
Yield levels and the factors determining crop yields is an important strand of research on rainfed family farms. This is particularly true for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which reports some of the lowest crop yields. This also holds for Ghana, where actual yields of maize, the most important staple crop, are currently about only a third of achievable yields. Developing a comprehensive understanding
Popular Abstract in Swedish ”Practice variation” I den kliniska vardagen ser man ofta slående variationer i handläggningsrutiner mellan läkare och vårdcentraler utan att detta kan förklaras av skillnader i sjuklighet hos patienterna. Dessa oförklarade skillnader benämns ”practice variation” och beror på lokalt förankrade rutiner ofta etablerade sedan länge. De är sällan vetenskapligt underbyggda u
“Only in the most technical sense is this a case about who may penetrate whom where. At a practical and symbolical level it is about the status, moral citizenship and sense of self-worth of a significant section of the community.” Justice Albie Sachs, National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality and Another v Minister of Justice and Others 1999 (1) SA 6, para. 107 More than 70 years after th
Efter att Sverige återkallade sin reservation mot del II i FN-konventionen om internationella köp av varor (CISG) har det i svensk rätt presenterats parallella regler om avtalsslut, vid sidan av de som stadgas i den svenska avtalslagen. Inom EU har det framlagts ett förordningsförslag till en gemensam europeisk köplag (CESL). Förslaget innehåller avtals- och köprättsliga regler, inklusive regler o
På bangården i Nässjö har det mellan 1918 och 2005 legat en impregneringsanläggning för järnvägsslipers. Som impregneringsmedel användes främst kreosotolja vilket innehåller polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH) som kan vara skadliga för människa och natur. Marken på bangården är nu kraftigt förorenad och ska därför saneras. Tyréns AB har på uppdrag av Trafikverket tagit fram ett förfrågningsundA facility for preservation of wooden rail road sleepers has been operating at the railway yard in Nässjö between 1918 and 2005. The main preservative used at the site was creosote which contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) that can be harmful to humans and the environment. The soil at the railway yard is due to these activities heavily polluted and the Swedish Transport Administration
