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The attribution of joint and several liability to parent companies is a highly disputed area of the European Union competition law. The body of relevant case law distinguishes the following issues. The current practice of the attribution of parental liability is founded on three pillars. First, the presumption of decisive influence over a wholly-owned subsidiary, second, the concept of one underta

Research question: To what extent do ROC, EBIT growth, leverage ratio and FCF margin explain variations in stock returns among the 50 largest companies listed on the Stockholm Exchange during the period 2014 - 2024. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the financial ratios ROC, EBIT growth, leverage ratio and FCF-margin and stock price development among the 50

This research explores how young audiences in Georgia perceive and engage with Russian Soft Power in the context of the media platform Alt-info. Alt-info is a privately-owned right-wing TV company and online media outlet founded in 2019 in Georgia. The study delves into the complex relationship between Russian Soft Power, the media landscape, and the perspectives of Georgia's youth. Using a c

The purpose of this study is to identify how gender and national belonging are intertwined, and how they effect concepts such as citizenship and integration. The study aims to identify a cultural understanding of gender in Danish political documents regarding equality and integration. In pursuit of this aim I have used a discourse analysis to identify whether the documents create different possibi

The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, paved the way for a new hybrid global climate governance architecture with both bottom-up and top-down elements. While governments can choose individual climate goals and actions, a global stocktake and a ratcheting-up mechanism have been put in place with the overall aim to ensure that collective efforts will prevent increasing adverse impacts of climate chan

The European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has not halted farmland biodiversity loss. The CAP post-2023 has a new ‘‘Green Architecture,’’ including the new ‘‘Eco-scheme’’ instrument. How can this new Green Architecture help tackle the biodiversity crisis? Through 13 workshops and an online survey, over 300 experts from 23 European Member States addressed this question. From experts’ con

Black carbon (BC), spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are carbonaceous pollutants affecting the climate, environment, and human health. International regulations limit their emissions, and the present emissions are followed by monitoring programs. However, the monitoring programs have limited spatio-temporal coverage and only span the last decades.

Savannas cover a wide climatic gradient across large portions of the Earth’s land surface and are an important component of the terrestrial biosphere. Savannas have been undergoing changes that alter the composition and structure of their vegetation such as the encroachment of woody vegetation and increasing land-use intensity. Monitoring the spatial and temporal dynamics of savanna ecosystem stru

Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is of great importance to control the land-atmosphere exchange of water and CO2. Here we use in situ observations to assess the performance of monthly VPD calculated from state-of-the-art data sets including CRU, ERA5, and Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA2). We investigate trends in VPD at global scale and for different

In boreal summer, circumglobal Rossby waves can promote stagnating weather systems that favor extreme events like heat waves or droughts. Recent work showed that amplified Rossby wavenumber 5 and 7 show phase-locking behavior which can trigger simultaneous warm anomalies in different breadbasket regions in the Northern Hemisphere. These types of wave patterns thus pose a potential threat to human

AbstractBackground: Around one fourth of patients with colorectal cancer present themselves with distant metastases at the time of diagnosis, and one additional one fifth of the patients will develop distant metastases during the disease, most commonly in the liver. Surgical treatment such as liver resection or ablation, often combined with chemotherapy and targeted therapy, is the only treatment BackgroundAround one fourth of patients with colorectal cancer present themselves with distant metastases at the time of diagnosis, and one additional one fifth of the patients will develop distant metastases during the disease, most commonly in the liver.Surgical treatment such as liver resection or ablation, often combined with chemotherapy and targeted therapy, is the only treatment option with

Understanding the coupling of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) cycles of land ecosystems requires understanding microbial element use efficiencies of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. Whereas important controls of those efficiencies by microbial community adaptations have been shown at the scale of a soil pore, a simplified representation of those controls is needed at the ecosystem scale. Howev

Microplastics provide a new ecological niche for microorganisms, and the accumulation levels of microplastics (MPs) in terrestrial ecosystems are higher than those in marine ecosystems. Here, we applied the zymography to investigate how MPs — polyethylene [PE], and polyvinyl chloride [PVC]) at two levels (0.01% and 1% soil weight) impacted the spatial distribution of soil hydrolases, nutrient avai

The field of international security has changed significantly during the last decades. New security issues has risen on the agenda, and the concept of human security has diverted the attention of security studies from an exclusively state-centric focus towards a broader comprehension of who should be protected, and from what. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate an aspect of such a novel s

Ongoing global warming not only involves changes in temperature and the global mean; it affects more or less every part of the climate. Regional temperature changes are often greater or smaller than corresponding changes in the global mean. In some cases the direction of change may also be different. For example, temperature changes are higher over land than over the ocean. Precipitation increases

We present extensions to the agent-based agricultural policy simulator (AgriPoliS) model that make it possible to simulate the consequences of agricultural policy reform on farmers' land use decisions and concomitant impacts on landscape mosaic, biodiversity and ecosystem services in a real agricultural region. An observed population of farms is modelled as a multi-agent system where individual fa