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The pharmacy market in many European countries is characterised by individually owned pharmacies that operate under tight government control regarding barriers to entry, scope of activities and profit margins. Many countries are, however, in the process of introducing pro-competitive policies, including possibilities to own several pharmacies and competition based on price. In Iceland and Norway,
In the midst of the economic turbulence around Europe today, the European currency has been put to its greatest test so far. Now more than ever, an assessment of the euro is needed. The purpose of the paper is therefore to re-assess the euro’s effect on trade and to estimate and compare the individual Member States’ effects. This has been done with bilateral intra-EU trade data and estimated with
In the present-day world, a state is only one of a number of social actors, each of which has its own identity, functions and structure. The successful functioning and even existential survival of the state is dependent on various factors, including its capacity to face the challenges of the processes of globalisation, including new threats which emerge from the development of communication techno
Since the 1970s, the world economy integration and financial globalization has become an irreversible trend. Each country is facing to opening up or further opening their banking system. The international experience shows that foreign banks’ entering has a deep impact on the host country banking sector. With the deepening of China's reform and opening up and the accession to WTO, foreign banks
Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Klimatet i region Sahel varierar på en årlig och decennielång basis. Under slutet av 1900-talet har den utsätts för en period av markant torka. Mellan 1960 och 1990 nådde nederbörden nivåer av bara 40 % av genomsnittet. På grund av detta skattas perioden en av de makantaste klimatiska fenomen i hela världen under 1900-talet. Torkan har orsakat stora konsekvenser The Sahel is a region of large interannual and interdecadal climatic variability. In the late 20th century it experienced a period of pronounced drought that lasted from the late 1960 to the early 1990s, where precipitation values reached only about 40% of the long-term mean. This is why this period counts among one of the most striking climatic phenomena worldwide in the 20th century. The consequ
Impunity from grave crimes such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity are one of our society's greatest problems. One step in the right direction towards holding people accountable for their gross criminal acts, and serving justice to victims, has been the establishment of the International Criminal Court, a treaty-based Court with jurisdiction to try perpetrators of these crime
The problems of the standard model are reviewed and the motivations for introducing supersymmetry are discussed. The basic theory behind supersymmetry is described briefly, followed by an introduction of two realistic supersymmetric models; the Minimal SuperSymmetric Model (MSSM) and its proposed extension, the NMSSM. Some details of the NMSSM are stated and some constraints on parameters are desc
Summary: We studied the risk for hip fracture before and after total knee replacement (TKR) in the entire population in Sweden. Women and men had a low risk for hip fracture before TKR but an increased risk the first year after TKR. Purpose: It is known that osteoarthritis is associated with high bone mass. We therefore studied the risk of hip fracture before and after total knee replacement (TKR)
In the field of church history, this article is a study of the Reformation period on a specific topic, namely, asceticism, from an uncommon perspective. One of the most well-known Reformation treatises, Martin Luther’s On the Freedom of a Christian, is read in conversation with an earlier ascetic wri¬ting, Maximus Confessor’s The Ascetic Life, and then compared to an under¬stu¬died debate from the
