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Vertebrates have evolved an adaptive immune system in addition to the ancestral innate immune system. It is often assumed that a trade-off between costs and benefits of defence governs the evolution of immunological defence, but the costs and benefits specific to the adaptive immune system are poorly known. We used genetically engineered mice lacking lymphocytes (i.e. mice without adaptive, but wi

We have reviewed 184 patients after repair of primary hypospadias. They were operated on and followed-up according to a standard protocol, and the senior author (HS) participated in all operations. The patients were reconstructed using a Byars two-stage procedure ( n = 102) or a Scuderi ( n = 29) or Mathieu ( n = 41) single-stage procedure. The rest ( n = 12) just had a removal of the chordee with

A natural treatment system for the treatment of leachate was Studied at Moskogen landfill in southern Sweden. This facility consists of three consecutive ponds and a soil-plant (SP)system. A test area, receiving water from the third pond with the same hydraulic load as the SP-systern, was Used for estimation of the latter system. Quality parameters including biochemical oxygen demand, total organi

The Na-33 beta decay was studied online using mass separation techniques and a first description of the level structure of the neutron-rich isotope Mg-33, with N=21, has been obtained. The experiment involved the measurement of beta-gamma, beta-gamma-gamma, and beta -n-gamma coincidences as well as neutron spectra by time-of-flight technique. The first low energy level scheme for the daughter nucl

Many animals have been shown to use the pattern of polarized light in the sky as an optical compass. Specialised photoreceptors are used to analyse this pattern. We here present evidence for an eye design suitable for polarized skylight navigation in the flightless desert scarab Pachysoma striatum. Morphological and electrophysiological studies show that an extensive part of the dorsal eye is equi

BACKGROUND: In a previous study, we reported an increased prevalence of thyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOA) in patients with bipolar disorder. Here we report the prevalence of other organ-specific autoantibodies: H/K adenosine triphosphatase (ATPA), glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65A), and GAD-67 (GAD67A). METHODS: ATPA, GAD65A, and GAD67A were determined (via a commercially available enzyme lin

To describe the Avodart after Radical Therapy for prostate cancer Study (ARTS), investigating the use of dutasteride (a dual 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor that suppresses intraprostatic dihydrotestosterone, reduces tumour volume and improves other markers of tumour regression in prostate cancer) to prevent or delay disease progression in patients with biochemical recurrence after therapy with curati

A systematic study was conducted over six years (1994-1999) on a shallow ice covered lake in the Russian Republic of Karelia with the aim of developing better understanding of some physical processes occurring in shallow ice-covered lakes. The average ice-covered period was 182 days while the longest ice-covered period was 193 days. The average lake water temperature at ice formation was 0.5-10deg

Our main result gives necessary and sufficient conditions, in terms of Fourier transforms, for an ideal in the algebra L-1(G parallel to K, omega), the convolution algebra of zonal functions on the automorphism group on the unit disc which are integrable with respect to the weight; function omega, to be dense in the algebra, or to have as closure an ideal of functions whose set of common zeros of

Objective: The aim of this study was the validation of the criteria defining a significant mucocutaneous-bleeding history in type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD). Subjects and methods: To avoid selection bias, 42 obligatory carriers (OC) of type 1 VWD were identified from a panel of 42 families with type 1 VWD enrolled by 10 expert centers. OC were identified by the presence of an offspring and ano

Erosional outliers are an important component of the Ludlow (Late Silurian) stratigraphy of Gotland, Sweden. However, due to the poor degree of exposure, outcrop studies have not revealed a detailed section from any of these outliers. The first complete stratigraphy of such an erosional remnant. the Burgen outlier, is presented here, based on the recently recovered Burgen-1 drillcore. Stratigraphi

Popular Abstract in Swedish Syftet med denna studie är att försöka förklara varför araméen Laban, vilken i Bibeln (Genesis) framstår som en ganska harmlös bifigur, i rabbinsk litteratur i allmänhet betraktas som en av Jakobs och därmed Israels stora fiender. Avhandlingen hävdar att bilden av Laban som en skurk utvecklats som ett resultat av rabbinsk hermeneutik och att de egenskaper som tillskrivsThis study attempts to answer the question of why Laban the Aramean, a rather harmless character as presented in the biblical text, is generally portrayed in rabbinic literature as a major enemy of Jacob and Israel. It is argued that the portrait of Laban as a villain developed as a result of rabbinic hermeneutics, and that the characteristics which are attributed to him in rabbinic literature wer