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Genom det statliga maktmonopolet har svensk polis tilldelats vissa våldsbefogenheter för att kunna upprätthålla allmän ordning och säkerhet samt förebygga och förhindra brott. Polisens rätt att bruka våld regleras delvis i 10 § polislagen och delvis i de allmänna ansvarsfrihetsgrunderna i 24 kap brottsbalken. Senaste åren har frågan om polisens våldsbefogenheter aktualiserats allt mer i takt med e
För närvarande finns ett välutvecklat skatteavtalsnätverk med över 3000 tecknade avtal. Med detta följer också stora möjligheter till internationell skatteplanering. Treaty shopping är inget nytt fenomen inom internationell skatterätt men har aldrig varit lika kontroversiellt som nu. Treaty shopping innebär att en skattskyldig organiserar sina affärer i syfte att omfattas av ett visst skatteavtaThere is currently a well-developed tax treaty network with over 3000 concluded treaties. Accordingly, there are countless opportunities for international tax planning. The concept of treaty shopping is a fairly new phenomenon and it has never been as controversial as today. Treaty shopping implies that taxpayers arrange their affairs in order to be covered by a particular tax treaty. To be cove
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), ofta översatt till svenska som företagens samhällsansvar, är något som diskuterats flitigt under de senaste åren. Utvecklingen av CSR har dock pågått sedan 1950-talet och fortsätter att utvecklas än idag. Majoriteten av denna utveckling har skett inom den ekonomiska vetenskapen och inom ramen för företagens arbete med CSR. Det är först under de senaste 20 åreCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is something that has been discussed heavily in recent years. The development of CSR has been evolving since the 1950s and continues to evolve today. The majority of this development has taken place in economic science and within the framework of the companies work with CSR. It is only in the last 20 years that lawyers have seriously interested themselves in t
Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda bevisprövningen för asylsökande med flyktinggrunden sexuell läggning. Fokus har varit att granska den praktiska tillämpningen och vilka värderingar Migrationsverket och migrationsdomstolarna gör när den enskilda ska bevisa sin sexuella läggning. Jag har därav granskat 12 domar från olika migrationsdomstolar, samt undersökt de bakomliggande besluten från MigrationsverThis essay’s purpose is to investigate the evaluation of proof for asylum seekers that fear persecution because of their sexual orientation. The focus has been to examine the practical application and what assessments the Swedish Migration Agency and migration courts make in order for the individual to prove their sexual orientation. I have therefore examined 12 judgements from different migration
I takt med den tekniska utvecklingen behandlas personuppgifter i allt större utsträckning och mer gränsöverskridande. Behandling och överföring av personuppgifter är förenat med en risk för att individens integritetsskydd åsidosätts. EU har en stark dataskyddslagstiftning och värnar om skydd av EU-medborgares personuppgifter. USA har inte en lika stark dataskyddslagstiftning. Samtidigt är USA enWith the fast development in information technology, personal data is increasingly being processed and interchanged cross-border. Processing and transfer of personal data is associated with a risk that the individual's privacy protection is disregarded. The EU has strong data protection legislations and a strong protection of the personal data of EU citizens. The U.S. does not have as strong
Stora Enso Nymölla is a pulp and paper mill mainly producing office paper. Their most well-known product is the MultiCopy paper. Every fourth year all large companies are by law required to present an energy audit. This can be done as one large report or by presenting smaller reports during the four-year period. Nymölla Mill has decided to publish short overviewing reports every year and combining
The aim of this study was to achieve an understanding of how public media pictures mental illness with help from a stigma perspective. Throughout the investigation the Stigma Process by Link and Phelan (2001) has been used to understand and interpret the material acquired. In this study 36 articles from the largest Swedish evening papers have been analyzed and the articles have been taken within a
Entreprenadavtal karakteriseras av att arbetena de reglerar tenderar att vara omfattande, komplicerade och långvariga, vilket ställer krav på samverkan mellan entreprenadavtalets parter. När en av avtalsparterna inte utför sin huvudförpliktelse uppstår ett avtalsbrott, vilket kan innebära att vissa påföljder med anledning av avtalsbrottet aktualiseras. I särskilda fall kan den skadelidande parten Contracting contracts are characterized by the work they regulate tend to be extensive, complicated and long-lasting, which implies a demand on collaboration between the contracting parties. When one of the contracting parties does not fulfill their main obligation, a breach of contract arises, which may mean that some penalties arising from the breach of contract will be actualized. In special ca
Var och en som anklagas för brott ska enligt Europakonventionen tillförsäkras rätten till en rättvis rättegång samt rätten att betraktas som oskyldig fram till dess att motsatsen bevisats. Genom denna oskyldighetspresumtion ska den tilltalade i en brottmålsrättegång inte behöva bevisa sig fri och har därför även rätten att vara tyst. Som en konsekvens av oskyldighetspresumtionen är det därför åklaAccording to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, everyone accused of a crime must be guaranteed the right to a fair trial and the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty. Due to the presumption of innocence, the accused in a criminal trial should not have to prove his or her innocence and therefore also has the right to remain silent. As a
How the IGHV upstream sequences look like? The antibody, also called immunoglobulin (lG), can identify and bind specifically to antigens such as bacteria, viruses, and other disease-causing organisms. Its high variety is achieved by the selection and recombination of genes from normal full-length genomic genes. The antibody contains two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. What
China is an extraordinary country; in the last 30 years the economic development has moved forward in an almost impossibly high and even speed. The GDP has grown with an annual average of ten percent and placed the Chinese economy among the top three largest economies in the world. But while the economic development keep racing ahead, the democratic development has slowed down and is now standing
Bakgrund De ledande världsekonomierna kom 2010 överens om att begränsa den globala uppvärmningen till två graders ökning jämfört med förindustriella temperaturer i hopp om att det räcker för att undvika den värsta effekten av klimatförändringar. För att nå detta mål skulle det, enligt The Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, krävas en absolut reducering av utsläpp med 41–72 procent till 2050Background The world’s governments agreed in 2010 to work towards limiting global warming to a two-degree warming compared to pre-industrial temperatures with the presumption that this would suffice in order to avoid the worst effects of climate change. Meeting this goal would, according to The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, require a reduction of global emissions by 41–72 percent by t
Det pågår ständigt en utveckling för att minska både risker för miljö och hälsa inom den kemiska industrin. Oftast handlar det om att förbättra existerande processer eller att helt enkelt hitta nya vägar till samma produkt och i grunden ligger forskning bakom framgångarna.Polyurethane is a widely used polymer with a lot of different applications due to its versatility and often resilient properties. The polymeris often prepared as a two component system consisting of polyols and isocyanates and can be cured at relatively low temperatures. Even though the formed polymer is hazardless the isocyanate used in the manufacture is dangerous in itself, but even more so is
Background Managing risk has become a crucial challenge for supply chain managers. In a complex supply chain, there are relations that have to be managed from the supplier’s supplier to the customer’s customer, and there is a lot of room for unforeseen challenges. The need to capture risk has for a long time been high, but due to the complexity of modern supply chains, uncertain developments are h
Effects of carbon functionalization on the catalytic properties of the space underneath epitaxial graphene flakes on Ir(111) are investigated with Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy studies of oxygen hydrogenation. The 0.1 mbar oxygen atmosphere hosting O-intercalated graphene flakes was replaced with hydrogen pulses lasting 50 s each, triggering the water formation. Underneath pris
Bakgrund: Ikea har under en längre tid upplevt problem med felaktiga kapaciteter registrerade i deras system. Idag finns det inget gemensamt arbetssätt för att registrera och uppdatera kapacitetsinformation och därför reflekterar inte informationen i systemet leverantörernas verkliga kapaciteter. Detta gör det svårt för företaget att kunna ha en överblick över kapaciteterna och hur de är allokeradBackground:IKEA has, during a long time, experienced problems with incorrect capacities registered in their system. There is no standardized way of working with registering and updating the information regarding capacity today. Therefore, the information regarding the suppliers’ capacities does not reflect the reality. Furthermore, the company does not have a clear picture of how the capacities ar
In 1994 the Swedish Construction Code, BKR, was changed from being based on material to being based on function. This permitted constructing multi-storey buildings with a bearing framework made of wood, which had been prohibited since the end of the 19th century. There is now a growing in- terest of using wood as a construction material. In Växjö four seven-storey buildings, Limnologen, are under
Background In a competitive market place a competing company has to focus on continuous improvements and effectiveness, something that can be achieved by investing in product resources which then generates a need of capital. The need of capital can be financed through direct financing or external financing such as leasing where the leasing company offers the customer capital support. Since 1999, A
Problem background: The past few years, banks have gone from only being lenders and borrowers of money to also cover a broad portfolio of offers to customers. Banks today supply their customers with several investment alternatives for the savings capital. It is a fierce competition at the financial market and the employees must continuously keep up to date with all the new information and knowledg
I medierna förekommer ofta beskrivningar av utländska arbetstagare som blir utnyttjade av sina arbetsgivare på ett graverande sätt. Exempel på detta har varit de thailändska bärplockarna i Norrland och den kinesiska kock i Malmö som tvingades arbeta fram till att han kollapsade. Eftersom tvångsarbete är ett dolt fenomen utgör dessa fall förmodigen toppen på ett isberg. Tvångsarbete är inte explicThere are often articles in Swedish newspapers describing situations were foreign workers have been exploited by their employers. Well known examples are the Thai berry pickers in Norrland and the Chinese cook in Malmö that was forced to work until he collapsed. Forced Labor is a hidden phenomenon, therefore there is reason to assume that these cases only show the tip of the iceberg. Forced labor
