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In 2007, the EU decided to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 20/30 per cent, something which was considered a proof of the EU's willingness to take on high targets independently of others. In the period 2009-11, the EU was debating but could not reach an agreement on stepping up to a 30 per cent reduction target. This raises the question: why did the EU go from being capable of adopting high targets
Summary: Chronic critical lower limb ischemia (CLI) has been defined as ischemia that endangers the leg. An attempt was made to give a precise definition of CLI, based on clinical and hemodynamic data (Second European Consensus). CLI may be easily defined from a clinical point of view as rest pain of the distal foot or gangrene or ulceration. It is probably useful to add leg ulcers of other origin
Atomic diusion and mixing processes in stellar interiors influence the structure and the surface composition of stars. Some of these processes cannot yet be modelled from the first principles, and they require calibrations. This limits their applicability in stellar models used for studies of stellar populations and Galactic evolution. Aims. Our main goal is to put constraints on the stellar struc
Purpose: Dronedarone may increase digoxin plasma levels through inhibition of P-glycoprotein. Using real-world data, we evaluated the risk of digitalis intoxication in concomitant users of dronedarone and digoxin compared digoxin-alone users. Methods: We used the Clinformatics DataMart, a US claims database, to identify adult patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter (AFL) who conco
We provide a detailed map of the ages and metallicities of turn-off stars in the Milky Way disc based on data from GALAH DR3 and Gaia EDR3. From this map, we identify previously undetected features in the age-metallicity distribution of disc stars and interpret these results as indicating a three-phase formation history of the Milky Way. In the first phase, inner disc stars form along a single age
Automotive brake rotors are commonly made from gray cast iron (GCI). During usage, brake rotors are gradually worn off and periodically replaced. Currently, replaced brake rotors are mostly remelted to produce brand-new cast iron products, resulting in a relatively high energy consumption and carbon footprint into the environment. In addition, automotive brakes emit airborne particles. Some of the
The results of numerical simulations of a positive streamer development in air in a weak and uniform electric field are presented. Streamer dynamics is considered in an electrode gap of 33 mm in length and the configuration was 'protrusion on a plate-plate'. This particular configuration was chosen in order to perform direct comparison between simulated results and experimental data. The electrost
Evaluation, prioritization and selection of candidate requirements are of tremendous importance and impact for subsequent software development. Effort, time as well as quality constraints have to be taken into account. Typically, different stakeholders have conflicting priorities and the requirements of all these stakeholders have to be balanced in an appropriate way to ensure maximum value of the
Nocturnal hawkmoths are known for impressive visually guided behaviours in dim light, such as hovering while feeding from nectar-bearing flowers. This requires tight visual feedback to estimate and counter relative motion. Discrimination of low velocities, as required for stable hovering flight, is fundamentally limited by spatial resolution, yet in the evolution of eyes for nocturnal vision, main
Emissions and fuel economy are evaluated for two types of biofuels, namely 2-phenyl ethanol and cyclohexaneethanol. Both are derived from lignin, a form of lignocellulosic biomass. The former and latter oxygenates have an aromatic and aliphatic (i.e. saturated) ring structure, respectively. Two parametric engine sweeps were performed. First, non-EGR operation by means of varying the load via injec
Abstract in UndeterminedThis paper addresses the failure of activation programmes to achieve a rapid return to work when they are directed towards the long-term ill. The empirical basis for the paper is an analysis of the outcomes for 691 individuals in Sweden chosen for a re-activation policy programme to shorten their sick leave and increase their chances of returning to work. The outcome at the
Background: Degraded extracellular matrix can stimulate the innate immune system via the Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR4). In the pancreas, syndecan-anchored heparan sulphate (HS) on the ductal epithelium can be cleaved off its protein cores by the proteases (trypsin and elastase) and potentially activate TLR4 signalling. Methods: To investigate this signalling event, a low sulphated HS (500 mu g/ml) w
En stor del av narkotikaförsäljningen sker idag via internet och distribueras genom det nationella postflödet där köpare inte sällan får hem försändelserna direkt i sin brevlåda. Mot bakgrund av detta föreslår 2021 års postlagsutredning (SOU 2021:29) ökade möjligheter för de brottsbekämpande myndigheterna att förhindra denna illegala handel. Utredningen föreslår bland annat att ge personal inom poA vast amount of drug sales take place daily via the internet and is distributed through the national postal system, where buyers often receive the items to their mailbox. Considering this, the Swedish Government appointed a new Committee to review the duty of confidentiality in the Postal Services Act (2010:1045) in order to increase opportunities for the law enforcement authorities to prevent th
Purpose: The objective of this study is to determine whether or not board gender diversity influences the capital structures of S&P 500 firms. This is done based on the premise of female risk aversion and conventional capital structure and agency issues theories. With this foundation, we intend to close the knowledge gap regarding the effects of gender diversity on corporate boards. Methodol
Indonesia has implemented national policies and legislations to encourage biofuel production as means to achieve energy security and self-sufficiency and to reduce reliance of fossil fuel reserves. However, there is still no clear road-map for the socio-technological transition. While acknowledging economic impediments, this case study investigates social and political obstacles to bioethanol prod
I ett samhälle med begränsade resurser eftersträvas naturligen effektivitet i brottmålsprocessen, exempelvis genom mindre resurskrävande brottsutredningar. Vid en lagändring 2015 lagfästes möjligheten till strafflindring för en gärningsperson som väljer att medverka vid utredningen av sitt eget brott. Strafflindring kan aktualiseras om gärningspersonen lämnar uppgifter som är av väsentlig betydelsIn a society with limited resources, efficiency is naturally sought in the criminal trial procedure, for example through less resource-intensive criminal investigations. The possibility for an offender to receive mitigation of a sentence by participating in the investigation of their own crime was introduced in Swedish law by an amendment of a law in 2015. Mitigation of a sentence can become relev
The goal of this project was to design a tool that facilitates the work with and handling of horses in Scandinavia. After reading some literature and making visits to three different horse related businesses the choice were made to look at natural horsemanship. The goal of natural horsemanship is based on mutual respect, trust, communication and understanding. The idea is that you want to give th
Numerisk strömningsmekanik är en kraftfull metod för att förstå flödet och förbränningen som sker i flygplansmotorer och kommer att vara ett avgörande verktyg i övergången från konventionella fossila bränslen till hållbara alternativ. Eftersom mer forskning har skett kring konventionella bränslen bör en simuleringsmetod för alternativa bränslen föregås av en metod som verklighetstroget kan simulerComputational fluid dynamics is a powerful method for understanding the flow and combustion that occurs inside aircraft engines and will be a key tool in the transition from conventional fossil-based fuel to sustainable alternatives. Because conventional fuels have been more widely researched, an attempt at simulating the combustion of alternative fuels should be preceded by the development of a m
Läkemedelsindustrin är beroende av patent. Rätten till patent möjliggör de nödvändiga investeringar i forskning och utveckling som krävs för att utveckla nya läkemedel och få ut dessa på marknaden. Detta gynnar både konsumenter och samhället i stort. De största läkemedelsföretagen investerar i forskning och utveckling, och är därmed de primära innehavarna av läkemedelspatent. Samtidigt som de störThe pharmaceutical industry is dependent on the granting of patents. Patents make it possible for pharmaceutical companies to invest in the necessary R&D to bring new drugs to the market. This benefits consumers and the health care sector at large. The biggest pharmaceutical companies invest in R&D, and as a result are the major holders of pharmaceutical patents. While the big pharmaceutic
This paper examines the structure of livestock farming and of the meat industry in Sweden, focusing on possibilities for small-scale farmers to develop, whether individually or in a group, self-sufficient systems of high quality meat production. The four areas identified as presenting structural difficulties (and in some cases opportunities) to small-scale producers are: i) the centralized structu
