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Human pigmentation is a complex phenomenon commonly believed to serve a photoprotective function through the generation and strategic localization of black insoluble eumelanin biopolymers in sun exposed areas of the body. Despite compelling biomedical relevance to skin cancer and melanoma, eumelanin photoprotection is still an enigma: What makes this pigment so efficient in dissipating the excess
TOI-2015 is a known exoplanetary system around an M4 dwarf star, consisting of a transiting sub-Neptune planet in a 3.35-day orbital period, TOI-2015 b, accompanied by a non-transiting companion, TOI-2015 c. High-precision radial-velocity measurements were taken with the MAROON-X spectrograph, and high-precision photometric data were collected, primarily using the SPECULOOS, MUSCAT, TRAPPIST and L
Predation risk is often invoked to explain variation in stress responses. Yet, the answers to several key questions remain elusive, including the following: (1) how predation risk influences the evolution of stress phenotypes, (2) the relative importance of environmental versus genetic factors in stress reactivity and (3) sexual dimorphism in stress physiology. To address these questions, we explo
Neuromorphic processors are a promising new type of hardware for optimizing neural network computation using biologically-inspired principles. They can effectively leverage information sparsity such as in images from event-based cameras, and are well-adapted to processing event-based data in an energy-efficient fashion. However, neuromorphic processors struggle to process high resolution event-bas
Fuel cells are highly efficient and green power sources. The typical membrane electrode assembly is necessary for common electrochemical devices. Recent research and development in solid oxide fuel cells have opened up many new opportunities based on the semiconductor or its heterostructure materials. Semiconductor-based fuel cells (SBFCs) realize the fuel cell functionality in a much more straigh
To figure out the abnormal flow characteristics and thermal performance of supercritical fluids, some detailed information of supercritical pressure n-decane flowing in a horizontally round pipe is studied in terms of secondary flow induced by the huge density change or buoyancy force. According to an evaluation of turbulence models, the shear stress transport k-ω is suitable to execute the case o
A great amount of research effort has been devoted to theproduction of core-shell nanoparticles for applications in variousfields including biomedical imaging, catalysis, and plasmonics.Such attention to core-shell nanoparticles arise from the fact thatthey can exhibit enhanced physical and/or chemical properties.Furthermore, core-shell particles with distinctly new propertiescompared to those of
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) includes well-established methods to study the local structure around the absorbing element - extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and the effective oxidation number or to quantitatively determine the speciation of an element in a complex matrix - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). The increased brilliance and intensities available at the
This chapter provides a brief introduction into the basic nonlinear-optical phenomena and discusses some of the most significant recent advances and breakthroughs in nonlinear optics, as well as novel applications of nonlinear-optical processes and devices. Nonlinear optics is the area of optics that studies the interaction of light with matter in the regime where the response of the material syst
Background Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) has conceptually been known since the late 1970s and commercially available as dual-source CT (DSCT) systems since 2006; however, the technique has not yet seen widespread implementation in routine protocols. Part of the cause for this is likely due to misconceptions about radiation dose and/or image quality when using DECT. Purpose To compare imag
Increasing demands to meet regulations on combustion emissions and their environmental impact, and the need to improve their efficiency in different applications, have been the centre of focus in research and industry for decades. Optical and laser diagnostics have been proven to be amongst the best available tools due to their remote nature and non-intrusiveness, high spatial and temporal resolut
Free-electron lasers are capable of producing high-quality radiation in a wide wavelength range and at very high power and brilliance. To reach improved performance especially regarding coherence, bandwidth and wavelength stability, different seeding techniques are often required. However, a successful implementation of seeding typically demands a very high-quality electron beam, in terms of energ
We perform an experimental two-color high-order harmonic generation study in argon with the fundamental of an ytterbium ultrashort pulse laser and its second harmonic. The intensity of the second harmonic and its phase relative to the fundamental are varied, in a large range compared to earlier works, while keeping the total intensity constant. We extract the optimum values for the relative phase
Ultrashort laser pulses are finding increasing applications in biology and medicine. Such pulses can be used directly or after non-linear modification. Direct utilization includes propagation studies in scattering media with applications in optical mammography, dosimetry for photodynamic therapy and species concentration assessment. Intense continua of electromagnetic radiation of very brief durat
