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The thesis attempts to assess the role of the OECD Commentaries in tax treaty interpretation process concluded between Non-OECD and OECD states. In order to reach the goal of the thesis the thesis discusses the legal status of the OECD Commentaries under public international law, in particular the interrelation of the Commentaries with the Articles of 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention. The thesis

Background: Children whose parents have alcohol use problems are at an increased risk of several negative consequences, such as poor school performance, an earlier onset of substance use, and poor mental health. Many would benefit from support programs, but the figures reveal that only a small proportion is reached by existing support. Digital interventions can provide readily accessible support a

Objective: We compared the accuracy of amyloid and [18F]Flortaucipir (FTP) tau positron emission tomography (PET) visual reads for distinguishing patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia with fluid biomarker support of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: Participants with FTP-PET, amyloid-PET, and diagnosis of dementia-AD (n = 102), MCI-AD (n = 41), non-AD diseases (n = 76), and co

Pharmaceutical companies spend hundreds of millions of pounds on marketing/R&D-related payments annually to healthcare organisations and healthcare professionals. UK pharmaceutical industry self-regulatory bodies require member companies who sign up to their code of conduct to publish details of their payments. They are also required to publish the methodologies underlying these payments, name

The modified sample-standard bracketing method (m-SSB) combines a sample-standard bracketing and an inter-element correction procedure to account for instrumental mass fractionation during multi-collector ICP-MS measurements. Precisions for Cu and Zn isotopes in plant and experimental granite leachate samples are in line with those obtained using other mass bias correction techniques. In addition,

We present a new instrument, "Boreas", a cryogen-free methane (CH4) preconcentration system coupled to a dual-laser spectrometer for making simultaneous measurements of δ13C(CH4) and δ2H(CH4) in ambient air. Excluding isotope ratio scale uncertainty, we estimate a typical standard measurement uncertainty for an ambient air sample of 0.07‰ for δ13C(CH4) and 0.9‰ for δ2H(CH4), which are the lowest r

Background Use of artificial intelligence (AI), or machine learning, to assess dermoscopic images of skin lesions to detect melanoma has, in several retrospective studies, shown high levels of diagnostic accuracy on par with - or even outperforming - experienced dermatologists. However, the enthusiasm around these algorithms has not yet been matched by prospective clinical trials performed in auth

Combined CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) and endocrine therapy significantly improves outcome for patients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) metastatic breast cancer, but drug resistance and thus disease progression inevitably occur. Herein, we aimed to identify genomic alterations associated with combined CDK4/6i and endocrine therapy resistance, and follow the levels of specific mutations in long

BACKGROUND: Symptom reduction occurring early in depression treatment is associated with favourable post-treatment outcome, but it is not known how early reduction in specific depression symptoms affect treatment outcome. We aimed to determine the impact of symptom-specific change from pre-treatment to week four during internet-delivered CBT (ICBT) on overall and symptom-specific depression severi

Purpose: Etoposide to standard R-CHOP is used for high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in some countries. Due to the lack of randomized trials, a real-world data study using matching methods was used to test the potential effectiveness of R-CHOEP over R-CHOP. Patients and Methods: This study included patients from the Danish Lymphoma Register diagnosed between 2006 and 2020 at the age o

Epigenetic deregulation through altered DNA methylation is a fundamental feature of tumorigenesis, but tumor data from bulk tissue samples contain different proportions of malignant and non-malignant cells that may confound the interpretation of DNA methylation values. The adjustment of DNA methylation data based on tumor purity has been proposed to render both genome-wide and gene-specific analys

Besides thriving on altered glucose metabolism, cancer cells undergo glutaminolysis to meet their energy demands. As the first enzyme in catalyzing glutaminolysis, human kidney-type glutaminase isoform (KGA) is becoming an attractive target for small molecules such as BPTES [bis-2-(5 phenylacetamido-1, 2, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl) ethyl sulfide], although the regulatory mechanism of KGA remains unknown.

This paper proposes a critical analysis of the innovative jurisprudential approaches taken by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in integrating the content and scope of protection of the human rights of children, in the context of migration processes. How might one provide an effective protection to unaccompanied children that enter irregularly into the territory of a given country, when the

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the potential correlation between muscle mass/muscle quality and risk of complications or recurrence in patients presenting with acute uncomplicated diverticulitis. It was also to study if low muscle mass/quality correlated to prolonged hospital stay.Materials and methodsThe study population comprised 501 patients admitted to Helsingborg Hospital

BACKGROUND: Updated National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB) Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for the use of tumor markers in the clinic have been developed. METHODS: Published reports relevant to use of tumor markers for 5 cancer sites - testicular, prostate, colorectal, breast, and ovarian - were critically reviewed. RESULTS: For testicular cancer, α-fetoprotein, human chorionic g

A direct search for Higgs bosons produced via vector-boson fusion and subsequently decaying into invisible particles is reported. The analysis uses 139 fb−1 of pp collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of s = 13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The observed numbers of events are found to be in agreement with the background expectation from Standard Model processes. For a scalar Hi

Introduction: Clinical trials in sub-Saharan Africa support that HIV self-testing (HIVST) can increase testing rates in difficult-to-reach populations. However, trials mostly evaluate oral fluid HIVST only. We describe preferences for oral fluid vs. blood-based HIVST to elucidate prior trial results and inform testing programs. Methods: Participants were recruited from a HIVST randomized controlle

Background: The sensitivity of newborn screening (NBS) in detecting infants that later develop symptomatic vitamin B12 deficiency is unknown. We evaluated the predictive value using NBS algorithms in detecting infants that later were clinically diagnosed with symptomatic B12 deficiency. Furthermore, we investigated whether being born in a hospital using nitrous oxide (N2O) as pain relief in labor