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Atmospheric aerosol particles influence the climate system directly by scattering and absorbing solar radiation, and indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei(1-4). Apart from black carbon aerosol, aerosols cause a negative radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere and substantially mitigate the warming caused by greenhouse gases(1). In the future, tightening of controls on anthropoge
Low hemoglobin concentration is associated with increased mortality, but there is disagreement with regard to the clinical definition of anemia. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence, clinical correlates and association with total and cause-specific long-term mortality across the hemoglobin distribution and for previously proposed definitions of anemia. Blood hemoglobin concentration and mean corpus
Animals relying on a celestial compass for spatial orientation may use the position of the sun, the chromatic or intensity gradient of the sky, the polarization pattern of the sky, or a combination of these cues as compass signals. Behavioral experiments in bees and ants, indeed, showed that direct sunlight and sky polarization play a role in sky compass orientation, but the relative importance of
A midlatitude hail storm was simulated using a new version of the spectral bin microphysics Hebrew University Cloud Model (HUCM) with a detailed description of time-dependent melting and freezing. In addition to size distributions of drops, plate-, columnar-, and branch-type ice crystals, snow, graupel, and hail, new distributions for freezing drops as well as for liquid water mass within precipit
This paper demonstrates how occurrence, transport and fate of pharmaceuticals at trace levels can be assessed when modelling wastewater treatment systems using two case studies. Firstly, two approaches based on: 1) phenomenology; and, 2) Markov Chains, are developed to describe the dynamics of pharmaceuticals with or without clear administration patterns. Additional simulations also show that sewe
Except for the scattered cephalopod conchs that have given the rock type its name, mollusk fossils are relatively rare in the Middle Ordovician 'orthoceratite limestone' of Sweden. However, an interval in the Darnwilian stands out as being unusually rich in various types of mollusks. Throughout southern Sweden, gastropods became relatively abundant close to the Volkhov-Kunda Baltoscandian Stage bo
Many bacterial pathogens interfere with the contact system (kallikrein kinin system) in human plasma. Activation of this system has two consequences: cleavage of high-molecular-mass kininogen (HK) resulting in release of the potent proinflammatory peptide bradykinin, and initiation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. In this study, two species of the Gram-negative anaerobic commensal organism
In many cities of the world, bicycle infrastructure projects are implemented to foster more sustainable transportation systems. However, such projects have often raised questions regarding their public funding, as they entail considerable costs. This paper reviews cost–benefit analysis (CBA) frameworks as these are presently used to assess bicycle infrastructure projects. Specific focus is on the
Dementia has been associated with an increased risk of fractures. These associations may be explained by an impaired cognitive function, as well as comorbid illness and toxic reaction from drugs. To investigate whether cognitive function in young, healthy individuals already affects the risk of fractures, overall cognitive function scores were calculated from four cognitive tests accomplished duri
The surface structure and chemical composition of annealed Ga0.96Mn0.04As(1 0 0) have been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). The samples were As capped and subsequently transferred in-air from the MBE system to the STM chamber. After annealing to 600 K it is found that the Mn segregates to the surface and f
Genomics — the sequencing of the human genome and the identification of the genetic mechanisms of development and disease — is driving a restructuring of the global pharmaceutical industry. Many policy initiatives in biomedicine are based on the assumption that strength in genomics research will be translated into economic success, that is, that investments in genomics will be a way to catch up in
A four-dimensional intermolecular potential-energy surface has been calculated for the HCN-HCl complex, with the use of the coupled cluster method with single and double excitations and noniterative inclusion of triples. Data for more than 13 000 geometries were represented by an angular expansion in terms of coupled spherical harmonics; the dependence of the expansion coefficients on the intermol
The inverse scattering problem for the Schrodinger operator on the half-axis is studied. It is shown that this problem can be solved for the scattering matrices with arbitrary finite phase shift on the real axis if one admits potentials with long-range oscillating tails at infinity. The solution of the problem is constructed with the help of the Gelfand-Levitan-Marchenko procedure. The inverse pro
A crepuscular or nocturnal lifestyle has evolved in bees several times independently, probably to explore rewarding pollen sources without competition and to minimize predation and nest parasites. Despite these obvious advantages, only few bee species are nocturnal. Here we show that the sensitivity of the bee apposition eye is a major factor limiting the ability to forage in dim light. We present
Previously unknown aspects in the life cycle of the freshwater flagellate Gonyostomum semen (Ehrenb.) (Raphidophyceae) are described here. This species forms intense blooms in many northern temperate lakes, and has increased in abundance and frequency in northern Europe during the past decades. The proposed life cycle is based on observations of life cycle stages and transitions in cultures. Viabl
Background. Progressive neurodegeneration may result in potentially severe cognitive and motor dysfunctions as a complication of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), a suggested IL-17A-associated inflammatory condition. To detect this complication (CNS-LCH) early and to evaluate the potential efficacy of therapeutic interventions, biomarkers detecting and measuring ongoing neurodegeneration Would
The Sahel belt of Africa has been the focus of intensive scientific research since the 1960s, spurred on by the chronic vulnerability of its population to recurring drought and the threat of long-term land degradation. But satellite sensors have recently shown that much of the region has experienced significant increases in photosynthetic activity since the early 1980s, thus re-energizing long-sta
