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A developing system must be able to learn new things without forgetting what it has learned before. It should be capable of reacting in different ways to the same stimuli in different contexts. Context sensitive reinforcement learning, which parallels some of the functions of the basal ganglia, is a learning algorithm that fulfills this requirement when the context is explicitly given. Here, we ex

The European Union’s sugar policy is one of the most distorting policies within the common agricultural policy. It includes import control, production quota, and export refunds to support producer price within the EU at levels high above international prices. The main beneficiaries of the support system are the EU sugar industries and EU beet growers, but they are not the only producers benefiting

The paper discusses the solution to the optimal adaptive control problem over an extended time horizon. This leads to a controller that have dual features, i.e., tt uses control actions as well as probing actions. The solution of the optimal dual control problem is intractable from a computational point of view. Approximations to obtain simpler suboptimal dual controllers are thus important. There

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The PHENIX experiment is one of the two large experiments at RHIC. It addresses most of the signals suggested from the Quark-Gluon Plasma. This paper focuses on the measurements of global observables and identified hadron spectra and particle ratios from the two first runs with Au+Au collisions at 130A GeV and 200A GeV. The energy density reached in the most central collisions is about 5 GeV/fm(3)

The syntax of imperatives makes an interesting test case when investigating word order, verb raising and cliticisation across languages and their acquisition. This paper looks at language differentiation, i.e. language-specific parameter setting, in the imperative constructions of a bilingual child, "Katla", acquiring a verb-raising language, Icelandic, as well as English, not a verb-raising langu

In Vitaby parish are the ruins of a castle built around 1200 and deserted before 1300. An excavation was made in 1911 and again by the author in 2001 and 2002. The construction i unique in Europe with a support wall for the shellkeep 5,5 meters high, going all through the motte down to the peat. The castle was probably owned by the family Galen

Intestinal activities are controlled and co-ordinated by way of neuronal reflexes involving both extrinsic and intramural neurones, the enteric nervous system (ENS). This review focuses on the organisation, development and functional properties of the intestinal innervation and of the neurotransmitters utilised.

This chapter provides a typological profile of Northern Aslian, a subbranch of the Aslian branch of Austroasiatic comprising a number of closely related language varieties spoken in southern Thailand and northern Peninsular Malaysia. It builds on the authors' ongoing field research, as well as available sources. The profile is based on data from most known varieties of Northern Aslian, but draws i