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Kolhydratsystem så som alkylglycosider, cellulosa och cyklodextrin är miljövänliga förnybara material som används inom många områden i dagens samhälle; som bärare av aktiva substanser i läkemedelstabletter, matsmältningsfiber, papper, kosmetika och hygienartiklar för att nämna några. De är fasta substanser uppbyggda av molekyler ordnade i en viss struktur. Med tiden, och eventuell yttre påverkan, In the solid state, molecules are normally ordered in a specific structure. With time, and as a result of influence from the surroundings, solid materials can change their molecular and/or crystal structure and, as a consequence, obtain completely different properties. Water is particularly important in this respect. Adsorption of minuscule amounts of water from the atmosphere may have huge effect

The formation of the Cu-Bi2CaSr2Cu2O8 interface has been studied by photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. Photon energies in the range 20-1000 eV were utilized in order to probe both the valence band and to monitor chemical changes upon Cu deposition, as revealed by the core-level shifts. A strong chemical reaction between Bi2CaSr2Cu2O8 and Cu is manifested by the formation of me

Nonparametric efficiency analysis has become a widely applied technique to support industrial benchmarking as well as a variety of incentive-based regulation policies. In practice such exercises are often plagued by incomplete knowledge about the correct specifications of inputs and outputs. Simar and Wilson (Commun Stat Simul Comput 30(1):159–184, 2001) and Schubert and Simar (J Prod Anal 36(1):5

International refugee law is seen by many as constitutive for national refugee policy. Yet, as asylum has become politicized, many countries have adopted procedural and physical deterrence mechanisms to prevent refugees from accessing protection. The present article examines these policies, as well as the legal responses to them, as a critical case study for understanding the relationship between

Traditionally, the law has been considered as devoid of emotions, however we now view the courtroom as an emotional scene. The emotion norms of the courtroom are thus interesting to explore and, as the courtroom work of defense lawyers has received little sociological attention, this will be the focus of this paper. The aim here is to show which emotions are present in the courtroom and how they a

In diploid populations of size N, there will be 2 Nmu mutations per nucleotide (nt) site (or per locus) per generation (mu stands for mutation rate). If either the population or the coding genome double in size, one expects 4 Nmu mutations. What is important is not the population size per se but the number of genes (coding sites), the two being often interconverted. Here we compared the total phys

The relationship between international migration and the welfare state is a hotly contested topic: some scholars argue that migration will, in the long run, erode support for the welfare state; others argue that the welfare state has inherent qualities that insulate it from such erosion. We place this debate in historical perspective by exploring the period when the latent tension between cross-bo

Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a glycoform profile of serum transferrin that increases in response to sustained high alcohol intake and over the last decades has become an important alcohol biomarker with clinical and forensic applications. However, the wide range of CDT measurement procedures has resulted in lack of uniform results and reference limits, and hampered comparison of res

Three methods are presented to calculate the load distribution in a chain drive containing two sprockets and one chain. The rollers, which are in contact with the sprockets, can move along the tooth flanks and their positions are given by force equilibrium. Since the positions of the rollers, and thereby also the load distribution, depend on the two connecting spans, it has been necessary to inclu

The interest in the Holocaust has been growing continuously over the last decades, and this study deals with how the Holocaust has been perceived, interpreted and used in an Israeli context. The central theoretical concept in this study is historical consciousness, and the aim is to analyze the place of the Holocaust in Israeli historical consciousness. This concept should be understood as the wa

Popular Abstract in Swedish Kroppens immunförsvar är en kraftfull organisation som styrs av ett intrikat samspel mellan olika molekyler. Dess främsta uppgift är att försvara kroppen mot främmande ämnen, såsom virus och bakterier. Detta kräver en snabb reaktion, vilken naturen löst i form av ett kaskadsystem, där ett första fåtal molekyler inom loppet av minuter aktiverat miljontals molekyler och cANCA-associated systemic vasculitis (AASV) is a group of inflammatory disorders, characterized by inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels and frequently granuloma formation. Patients with AASV make autoantibodies, so called ANCA, against proteins present in the granules of neutrophils and monocytes, mainly proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Clinically, disease progression is characte