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Aerosol particles exist in the atmosphere in large concentrations and have significant global climate effects. New particle formation is an aerosol particle source and, to date, its contribution to the total aerosol concentration in the atmosphere is not fully understood. This study focuses on the extension of new particle formation events that begin in Lille Valby, Denmark and travel over 70 km t

Various improvements were made to a state-of-the-art aerosol–cloud model and comparison of the model results with observations from field campaigns was performed. The strength of this aerosol–cloud model is in its ability to explicitly resolve all the known modes of heterogeneous cloud droplet activation and ice crystal nucleation. The model links cloud particle activation with the aerosol loading

20th century massification of higher education and research in academia is said to have produced structurally stratified higher education systems in many countries. Most manifestly, the research mission of universities appears to be divisive. Authors have claimed that the Swedish system, while formally unified, has developed into a binary state, and statistics seem to support this conclusion. This

Cloud retrievals from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments aboard the satellites Terra and Aqua and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument aboard the Suomi-NPP satellite are evaluated using a combination of ground-based instruments providing vertical profiles of clouds. The ground-based measurements are obtained from the Atmospheric Radiat

A novel detection algorithm with an efficient VLSI architecture featuring efficient operation over infinite complex lattices is proposed. The proposed design results in the highest throughput, the lowest latency, and the lowest energy compared to the complex-domain VLSI implementations to date. The main innovations are a novel complex-domain means of expanding/visiting the intermediate nodes of th

In this paper, a novel hard-output detection algorithm for the complex multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detectors is proposed, which results in a significant throughput enhancement, a near-ML performance, and an SNR-independent fixed-throughput. Moreover, a high-throughput VLSI implementation is proposed, which is based on a novel method of the node generation and sorting scheme. The proposed

Abstract: Long Term Evolution (LTE) supports peak data rates in excess of 300 Mb/s. A good approach to achieve such rates is by parallelizing the required processing in turbo decoders. An interleaver is an important part of a turbo decoder. LTE uses the Quadratic Permutation Polynomial (QPP) interleaver, which makes it suitable for parallel decoding. In this paper, we propose an efficient architec

A novel low-complexity detection scheme is proposed for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) single-carrier frequency division-multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, which is suitable for ASIC implementations. The proposed detection scheme makes an initial estimate of the transmitted signal based on a minimum mean square error (MMSE) frequency domain equalizer (FDE) detector and finds symbols wit

Ibrutinib, a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor is approved for relapsed/refractory and del(17p)/TP53 mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Discrepancies between clinical trials and routine healthcare are commonly observed in oncology. Herein we report real-world results for 95 poor prognosis Swedish patients treated with ibrutinib in a compassionate use program. Ninety-five consecutive patients (

A novel ultra high-throughput detection algorithm with an efficient VLSI architecture for high-order MIMO detectors in the complex constellations is proposed. The main contributions include a new method for the node generation in complex-domain, pipelinable sorters, and a simple combinational circuit instead of the conventional multipliers, which makes the proposed architecture multiplication-free

Land and climate interact in complex ways through changes in forcing and multiple biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks across different spatial and temporal scales. This chapter assesses climate impacts on land and land impacts on climate, the human contributions to these changes, as well as land-based adaptation and mitigation response options to combat projected climate changes.

Stratospheric aerosol has long been seen as a pure mixture of sulfuric acid and water. Recent measurements, however, found a considerable carbonaceous fraction extending at least 8 km into the stratosphere. This fraction affects the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the radiative properties, and hence the radiative forcing and climate impact of the stratospheric aerosol. Here we present an investiga

Several climate oscillations have been reported from the early Holocene superepoch, the best known of which is the Preboreal oscillation (PBO). It is still unclear how the PBO and the number of climate oscillations observed in Greenland ice cores and European terrestrial records are related to one another. This is mainly due to uncertainties in the chronologies of the records. Here, we present new

We define a ray, show how to use ray intervals, and demonstrate how to specify a ray using DirectX Raytracing (DXR).

The traditional quadratic formula is often presented as the way to compute the intersection of a ray with a sphere. While mathematically correct, this factorization can be numerically unstable when using floating-point arithmetic. We give two little-known reformulations and show how each can improve precision.

Unlike rasterization, where one can rely on pixel quad partial derivatives, an alternative approach must be taken for filtered texturing during ray tracing. We describe two methods for computing texture level of detail for ray tracing. The first approach uses ray differentials, which is a general solution that gives high-quality results. It is rather expensive in terms of computations and ray stor

We describe simple methods for how to filter environment maps using ray cones and ray differentials in a ray tracing engine.

This paper discusses the problem of testing the performance of the adaptation layer in a self-adaptive system. The problem is notoriously hard, due to the high degree of uncertainty and variability inherent in an adaptive software application. In particular, providing any type of formal guarantee for this problem is extremely difficult. In this paper we propose the use of a rigorous probabilistic