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The photoinduced excited-state processes in 1,1'-diethyl-2,2'-cyanine iodine are investigated using femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy. Using a broad range of probe wavelengths, the relaxation of the initially prepared excited-state wavepacket can be followed down to the sink region. The data directly visualize the directed downhill motion along the torsional reaction coordinate and
The effects of cultivar (n = 4), root weight (n = 4), storage (S months) and boiling (7 min) and their interactions on the content of dry matter and carbohydrates were studied and ranked in carrots. Boiling had the greatest effect and had an influence on all variables except the ratio between sucrose and the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. The choice of cultivar was also of great importance
This chapter investigates nominals in the early monolingual acquisition of Swedish. The major morphological properties of nominals in the adult grammar are described with regard to gender, number, definiteness, and nominal-internal agreement between determiner, adjective and noun. I summarise the empirical findings in the existing literature on the acquisition of nominals for Swedish children betw
Popular Abstract in Swedish Nollvisionen antagen av Sveriges riksdag fastlägger att ingen skall behöva dödas eller skadas svårt i trafiken i Sverige. Införande av detta begrepp förskjuter fokus från trafikolyckorna till konsekvenserna av trafikolyckorna och härmed skapas förutsättningar för ett paradigmskifte i trafiksäkerhetsarbetet. För att åstadkomma önskade förändringar är det nödvändigt och bThe over-arching objectives of this thesis were to formulate a method to describe the consequences of traffic casualties, and to explain the influence of different traffic engineering factors on these consequences for society and individuals over time. A more detailed objective was to examine whether available short-term indicators can be used to predict consequences in a long-term perspective. Ot
Resonance scattering techniques are very useful for high-resolution atomic spectroscopy. The applicability of these techniques has been much extended, particularly through the rapid development of tunable-laser technology. The use of a narrowband tunable laser, acting on a collimated atomic beam, gives a direct method enabling, for example, hyperfine structure and isotope shift studies. The intens
In aqueous surfactant and lipid systems, different liquid crystalline phases are formed at different temperatures and water contents. The "natural" phase sequence implies that phases with higher curvature are formed at higher water contents. On the other hand, there are exceptions to this rule, such as the monoolein/water system. In this system an anomalous transition from lamellar to reverse cubi
The process of becoming an Ig-producing plasma cell takes the mature B cell through the germinal center, where Ig genes are diversified through somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. To more clearly define functional characteristics of the germinal center dark zone centroblasts and the light zone centrocytes, we have performed expression analysis of the CD77(+) and CD77(-) populatio
An introduction to Judaism as text-centered traditions and conceptions of law, along with an outline of the Jewish legal history, is given as frame for a more specific presentation of the history of the Jews in the Nordic societies up to modern times with Denmark as the main example, including potential problems such as ritual slaughter and circumcision. The close relationship between Jewish law a
Assessment of indoor air quality in terms of microbial flora is important since inhalation of air-borne microorganisms has been associated e.g. with asthma and allergy. We focus on certain unique microbial markers: muramic acid, marker of bacterial peptidoglycan/biomass; 3-hydroxy fatty acids with 10-18 carbon chains, markers of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) of Gram-negative bacteria; and er
This chapter provides a physical background to the following ones. It describes the particle and wave properties of light, and the diffraction, polarization, refraction, reflection, and absorption of light, statistics of photon emission and absorption. Planck's law of heat radiation is described in various mathematical and graphical ways. One section is devoted to a simplified description of the p
The precise orbit determination problem is to accurately determine the position and velocity vectors of an orbiting satellite. In this paper we review the general contents of the orbit determination process, with particular emphasis on Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. The different orbit determination approaches and the different force models contained within are briefly discussed. The two main e
Within a course in academic writing, first-term students of English currently construct individualized study-plans detailing both what they should do during the term and when they should do it. Students calculate the average workload for all their courses, and include in their study-plans all the hours they should spend both in and outside the classroom on each course, totalling in 40-hour working
