This dissertation is a study in empirical macroeconomic history. The first two papers concern themselves with the functional distribution of income. The third paper is an examination of global real interest rates, and the final paper examines city growth in Sweden over the last two hundred years. While this thesis is not about secular stagnation per se, every articles is related in one way or the

In October 2010 new recommendations were issued in Sweden concerningthe treatment of acute otitis media (AOM). Watchful waiting is recommendedfor otherwise healthy children aged 1-12 years with uncomplicated AOM. In allpatients with complicating circumstances and all patients under the age of 1 yearand over the age of 12 years (including adults) antibiotic treatment of AOM isrecommended. In the gu

Objective: To summarize recently published key articles on the topics of biomedical engineering, biotechnology and new models in relation to otitis media (OM). Data sources: Electronic databases: PubMed, Ovid Medline, Cochrane Library and Clinical Evidence (BMJ Publishing). Review methods: Articles on biomedical engineering, biotechnology, material science, mechanical and animal models in OM publi

IntroductionNasopharyngeal cultures are commonly used to determine the causative bacteria in upper airway infections. However, several bacteria can occupy the nasopharynx simultaneously and most healthy children are asymptomatic carriers of presumptive pathogens. This makes the interpretation of nasopharyngeal cultures difficult. Knowledge about which bacteria reside in the nasopharynx can assist

While quantities conditioned to an isosurface of reaction progress variable c, which characterizes fluid state in a turbulent reacting flow, have been attracting rapidly growing interest in the recent literature, a mathematical and physical framework required for research into such quantities has not yet been elaborated properly. This paper aims at filling two fundamental gaps in this area, i.e.,

Biobjective and bidisciplinary optimal design of high-performance airfoil and wing applying two kinds of optimization methods and genetic algorithm are discussed. An objective function combination method (OFCM) of constructing a resultant objective function in DOM or a fitness function in GA for biobjective optimization.

To extend an available mono-objective optimization method to multi-objective/multi-disciplinary optimization, the construction of a suitable integral objective function (in gradient based deterministic method-DM) or fitness function (in genetic algorithm-GA) is important. An auto-adjusting weighted object optimization (AWO) method in DM is suggested to improve the available weighted sum method (li

To extend available monoobjective optimization methods to multiobjective and multidisciplinary optimization, the construction of a suitable resultant objective function(in deterministic method-DM) or a fitness function(in genetic algorithm-GA) is important. An objective function combination method (OFCM) of constructing such a function for constrained optimization problems is suggested. How to use

The genetic algorithm(GA) is a non-traditional, probability search and global optimization method similar to natural selection and evolution. The key points and control parameters of this method are briefly discussed. To apply it to a multiobjective and multidisciplinary optimization problem a kind of fitness function is suggested, in which the requirements of multiobjects and multiconstraints are

It is well known that a modern fighter should have high aerodynamic performance, i.e., high lift (C L) and low drag (C D), high C L/C D at subsonic speed and low drag at supersonic speed, etc. However, stealthy performance has also become one of the basic requirements to a modern fighter. So the task of a designer today is to shape the aircraft with not only the maximum aerodynamic efficiency but

Cities are seen as one of the leading forces in making our societies sustainable and resource efficient. The latest trends of sharing homes, cars, bikes, tools and other goods are fast entering our urban lives. The sharing economy is a consumption-production mode in a city, in which value is generated through transactions between peers or organisations that offer access to their idling or underuti

Finding successful therapies for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most challenging tasks existing for human health. Several drugs have been found and validated in preclinical studies with some success, but not with the desired breakthroughs in the following clinical development phases. AD causes multiple brain dysfunctions that can be described as a brain organ failure, resu

Background: P-selectin is activated early after stroke, followed by a rapid decline. This time course can be used to generate important information on stroke onset. The latter is crucial for therapeutic decision-making of wake-up strokes (i.e. thrombolysis or not). Here, we evaluated the specific p-selectin inhibitor fucoidan labeled with gallium-68 (68Ga-Fucoidan) as an imaging biomarker for asse