Within the series of articles investigating the burden of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), this paper reviews the methods used for economic assessment of the RA treatments by HTA agencies and other bodies involved in cost-effectiveness analysis and the current status of the field. The overall methods, as well as the challenges, of cost-effectiveness analysis in RA are common to all chronic progressive d

A cyclohexyl based pincer phosphine ligand undergoes cyclometalation with an iridium cyclooctadiene precursor to give a highly thermally stable iridium(III) complex where a C(sp3)-H bond has been oxidatively added. This iridium(III) hydride complex is reduced with potassium to give a terminal iridium(I) dinitrogen complex with no tendency to dimerization. The corresponding cyclohexyl phosphinite l

Background & Aims: Iron overload may be carcinogenic. Patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) are reportedly at a 20-200-fold risk of intrahepatic cancer, but the reported risks for nonhepatobiliary cancers are conflicting. The risk of cancer in heterozygous individuals (estimated allele frequency, 1/10 to 1/20) is unknown. This study aimed to better assess these risks. Methods: We perfo

The effect of water availability on stand-level productivity, transpiration, water use efficiency (WUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) is evaluated for different willow clones at stand level. The measurements were made during the growing season 2000 in a 3-year-old plantation in Scania, southernmost Sweden. Six willow clones were included in the study: L78183, SW Rapp, SW Jorunn, SW Jorr, SW T

Atomic (1 Å) resolution x-ray structures of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase in complex with NADH revealed the formation of an adduct in the active site between a metal-bound water and NADH. Furthermore, a pronounced distortion of the pyridine ring of NADH was observed. A series of quantum chemical calculations on the water-nicotinamide adduct showed that the puckering of the pyridine ring in the

Haploid hybrid gametophytes are often present at low frequencies in sympatric populations of Sphagnum capillifolium and Sphagnum quinquefarium. We used intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the trnL(UAA) intron of the chloroplast genome to reveal the nuclear and chloroplast composition of mature hybrid gametophytes from

Fragmentary remains of albanerpetontid amphibians are described from microvertebrate horizons in the Lower Cretaceous Vitaback Clays of southern Sweden. These provide the first Scandinavian record for this enigmatic lissamphibian group. In its morphological characters, the Swedish material most closely resembles the Jurassic-Cretaceous European genus Celtedens.

Speciation and equilibria of 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate (pyromellitate) at the water-boehmite (gamma-AlOOH) interface were studied in 0.1 M Na(Cl) at 298 K. Surface equilibrium analyses were based upon potentiometric and adsorption measurements in the range 4.5 < pH < 10.0. To characterize the surface complexes at the molecular level, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectra were recorde

Background: Autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP) harvest with autotransfusion devices has been used for 10 years in cardiac surgery and recently in orthopedics as a blood saving method. The quality of the harvested platelets has not been adequately examined, in part because of methodological difficulties in studying platelet function during surgery. Methods: Twenty patients undergoing primary to

Diseases of the cornea are extremely common and cause severe visual impairment worldwide. To explore the basic molecular mechanisms involved in corneal health and disease, the present study characterizes the proteome of the normal human cornea. All proteins were extracted from the central 7-mm region of 12 normal human donor corneas containing all layers: epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descem

Blood lipids are important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors with both genetic and environmental determinants. The Whitehall II study (n = 5592) was genotyped with the gene-centric HumanCVD BeadChip (Illumina). We identified 195 SNPs in 16 genes/regions associated with 3 major lipid fractions and 2 apolipoprotein components at p < 10(-5), with the associations being broadly concordant with

Reaction of the octadentate ligand 2,6-bis{3-[N,N-di(2-pyridylmethyl)amino]propoxy}benzoic acid (LH) with Fe(ClO4)(3) leads to the formation of the tetranuclear complexes [Fe-4(mu-O)(2)(LH)(2)(ClCH2 CO2)(4)](ClO4)(4) (1), [{Fe-2(mu-O)L(R-CO2)}(2)](ClO4)(4) (2 R = C6H5-, 3 R = CH3-, 4, R = ClCH2-). The crystal structures of complexes 1 and 2 reveal that they consist of two Fe-2(III)(mu-O)(mu-RCO2)(

The response of the glaciation and precipitation of U multi-thermal cumulus cloud to changes in the aerosol concentration has been assessed in a series of sensitivity tests with the UMIST Explicit Microphysics Model (EMM). A simulation of this cloud from the Met Office cloud-resolving model (CRM) has been utilized in these tests. This cumulus cloud was observed h aircraft during the initial stage

Twelve different microcrystalline insulin formulations were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction and were shown to have very characteristic patterns. Three of the formulations crystallize in the same crystal system, but have structural differences in the N-terminal B-chain of the insulin molecule. This difference was efficiently detected in the powder patterns. The sensitivity of the method ma