With increasing output power of integrated chips, the involved heat flux is accordingly increased. Traditional cooling methods failed to satisfy such a situation, and thus new cooling methods incorporating microchannel heat sinks with high capabilities of heat removal are necessary. In this paper, on the basis of a water-cooled smooth microchannel heat sink, vertical Y-shaped bifurcation plates ar

Helianthemum nummularium is a morphologically variable species that has been subdivided into several subspecies based on indumentum characters. We investigated four of these subspecies for variation in plastid DNA and leaf and petal shape in Europe. Three size-variable mononucleotide repeat regions were amplified by means of species-specific primers and 18 combined haplotypes were identified. The

In the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic material, it is necessary to reach a high ethanol concentration after fermentation. Simply increasing the substrate concentration leads to stirring problems and inhibition of the enzymes and yeast in the process. Batch simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of steam-pretreated spruce with 13.7% water-insoluble solids (WIS) (25% total

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are plant symbionts capable of enhancing nutrient uptake and improving soil structure. These features have brought AMF into focus as a component of soil restoration practices in ecosystems with degraded or highly eroded soils. It has been suggested that increasing the levels of organic material in the soil will enhance the production of AMF biomass, and that orga

Long-term phenology monitoring has documented numerous examples of changing flowering dates during the last century. A pivotal question is whether these phenological responses are adaptive or not under directionally changing climatic conditions. We use a classic dynamic growth model for annual plants, based on optimal control theory, to find the fitness-maximizing flowering time, defined as the sw

I investigate the field of tension between the national and the local level in spatial planning from a decision-making perspective. In doing so, I analyse the legal regulation for a large-scale 3G mobile infrastructure development in Sweden with a focus on how participation is expressed both in terms of the ‘law in books’ as well as empirically, ‘in action’. Theoretically, a model of decision maki

Until recently, the division of pulmonary carcinomas into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was adequate for therapy selection. Due to the emergence of new treatment options subtyping of NSCLC and predictive testing have become mandatory. A practical approach to the new requirements involving interaction between pulmonologist, oncologist and molecular pathology t

The aim of this study was to investigate if pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs) are present in mosaic form in patients with congenital heart malformations. We have collected cardiac tissue and blood samples from 23 patients with congenital heart malformations that underwent cardiac surgery and screened for mosaic gene dose alterations restricted to cardiac tissue using array comparative genom

A plethora of candidate genes have been identified for complex polygenic disorders, but the underlying disease mechanisms remain largely unknown. We explored the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) by analyzing global gene expression in human pancreatic islets. A group of coexpressed genes (module), enriched for interleukin-1-related genes, was associated with T2D and reduced insulin secretio

In 98Cd a new high-energy isomeric γ-ray transition was identified, which confirms previous spin-parity assignments and enables for the first time the measurement of the E2 and E4 strength for the two decay branches of the isomer. Preliminary results on the 98Cd high-excitation level scheme are presented. A comparison to shell-model calculations as well as implications for the nuclear structure ar

The photon-number statistics from resonance fluorescence of a two-level atom near a metal nanosphere driven by a laser field with finite bandwidth is studied theoretically. Our analysis shows that all interesting physics here takes place in a small area around the nanosphere where the near field and the atom-nanosphere coupling essentially affect the radiative properties of the atom. Computer mode

Opiate substitution treatment (OST) programs could provide opportunities for management of comorbidities, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, in people who inject drugs. We aimed to prospectively evaluate the real-life feasibility of interferon/ribavirin-based HCV treatment in OST recipients, with a special focus on psychiatric status and health-related quality of life.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and its receptors (PAC1 , VPAC1 and VPAC2 ) are present in sensory neurons and in vascular smooth muscle related to the trigeminovascular system, a key factor in migraine pain. Recent data point to an involvement of PACAP, and in particular the PAC1 receptor, in the pathophysiology of migraine. Available data are discussed in relation to a stu

Based on the merger of two Swedish university hospitals, this article examines the relationship between professionals and policymakers in public sector reform. Data from a survey to 663 physicians show that only 2 percent of physicians experienced a working dialogue in this relationship. The relationship with the hospital management was considered equally poor. The article seeks to understand why

A novel moderately thermophilic, anaerobic, ethanol-producing bacterial strain, 45B(T), was isolated from a mixed sediment water sample collected from a hot spring at Potosi, Bolivia. The cells were straight to slightly curved rods, 2.5 μm long and 0.5 μm wide, approximately. The strain was variable to Gram stain, spore-forming and monotrichously flagellated. Growth of the strain was observed at 4

Genetic variation can modulate gene expression, and thereby phenotypic variation and susceptibility to complex diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here we harnessed the potential of DNA and RNA sequencing in human pancreatic islets from 89 deceased donors to identify genes of potential importance in the pathogenesis of T2D. We present a catalog of genetic variants regulating gene expression (e

Background: BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers are at substantially increased risk for developing breast and ovarian cancer. The incomplete penetrance coupled with the variable age at diagnosis in carriers of the same mutation suggests the existence of genetic and non-genetic modifying factors. In this study we evaluated the putative role of variants in many candidate modifier genes. Methods: Genot

Selective activation of the estrogen receptor (ER) could be a safe approach to hormone replacement therapy for both women and men, in contrast to the estrogens currently used for women which activate both ER and ER, occasionally causing severe side effects. cis-10-SR, was shown to have an EC50 value of

A recent high-resolution α, X-ray, and γ-ray coincidence-spectroscopy experiment offered the first glimpse of excitation schemes of isotopes along α-decay chains of Z=115. To understand these observations and to make predictions about shell structure of superheavy nuclei below 288-115, we employ two complementary mean-field models: the self-consistent Skyrme energy density functional approach and