Treatments of emissions of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) were implemented in the global Earth System model EC-Earth. These emission schemes were improved to account for the strong peaks of PBAP concentrations in connection to precipitation events, which has been measured recently. The model is now able to treat the emission of bacteria, spores and pollen in dependency of precipitatio

Shorter relative telomere length in peripheral blood is a risk marker for some types of cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Several environmental hazards appear to shorten telomeres, and this shortening may predispose individuals to disease. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to assess the effect of environmental exposure to lead on relative telomere length (rTL) in children. A coho

Prenatal exposure to the highly toxic and common pollutant cadmium has been associated with adverse effects on child health and development. However, the underlying biological mechanisms of cadmium toxicity remain partially unsolved. Epigenetic disruption due to early cadmium exposure has gained attention as a plausible mode of action, since epigenetic signatures respond to environmental stimuli a

The 450k Chip Analysis Methylation Pipeline (ChAMP) is a novel Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip data processing algorithm that allows the analysis of copy number alterations (CNAs). With this pipeline we evaluated the prevalence of CNAs in peripheral blood leukocyte samples from healthy Argentinean Andean women with varying exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water. Arsenic exp

Methylation of the promoter of BRCA1 gene in peripheral blood (epimutation) has been associated with increased risk for breast cancer. Some studies have indicated that this epimutation is of constitutional origin and hence it could potentially be transmitted across generations. We used methylation sensitive high resolution melting technique to measure methylation of BRCA1 promoter in blood samples

Individuals differ in susceptibility to mercury neurotoxicity, in part, due to underlying genetic differences. This review aims to evaluate the state-of-the-art of the effect of (1) genetics on mercury toxicokinetics and (2) gene-mercury interactions on neurodevelopment and neurotoxicity. We conducted a PubMed search in September 2014 and retrieved 14 studies on the influence of genetics on mercur

Early-life lead exposure impairs neurodevelopment and later exposure affects the cardiovascular system. Lead has been associated with reduced global 5-methylcytosine DNA methylation, suggesting that lead toxicity acts through epigenetic mechanisms. The objective of this study is to clarify how early-life lead exposure alters DNA methylation of specific genes, using an epigenomic approach. We measu

We evaluated the use of two radiolabeled lambda DNA/Hpa II substrates to detect 5'-->3', 3'-->5' single and double stranded DNA dependent exonuclease and phosphatase activities found as contaminants in restriction and modifying enzyme preparations. Looking for the meaning of the radioactive assays results in a real cloning experience, we performed a cloning simulation assay using the same conditio

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a ubiquitous and persistent neurotoxin that poses a risk to human health. Although the mechanisms of MeHg toxicity are not fully understood, factors that contribute to susceptibility are even less well known. Studies of human gene polymorphisms have identified a potential role for the multidrug resistance-like protein (MRP/ABCC) family, ATP-dependent transporters, in MeHg s

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) combined with seismic refraction tomography (SRT) were performed in brackish water in Saltsjön in Stockholm. Results from a test survey with measurements along two lines are presented, whereas a larger survey is in progress at the moment of writing. Geological interpretation of the obtained models fits well with the documentation from drilling, and show that

The occurrence of clonal chromosome aberrations in short-term cultures from synovia, osteophytes, and cartilage from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) was recently reported. Among these aberrations, a recurrent involvement of chromosome bands 12q13-15 in structural rearrangements was detected in both synovia and osteophytes. Chromosomal abnormalities of 12q13-15 are frequent among malignant and be

We have previously reported recurrent clonal chromosomal aberrations in synovia, osteophytes and articular cartilage from patients with osteoarthritis (OA). In particular, gain of chromosomes 5 and 7 was found to be strongly associated with OA. In order to exclude the possibility of in vitro artefacts, we studied three to four parallel, independent cultures from ten samples of synovia and three sa

The online-coupled 3-D chemistry transport model COSMO-MUSCAT was enhanced by a detailed description of aqueous phase chemical processes. The aqueous phase chemistry is represented by the detailed chemical mechanism CAPRAM 3.0i reduced (C3.0RED). In addition, the deposition schemes were improved in order to account for the deposition of matter incorporated in cloud droplets of ground layer clouds

Context. We present the second Gaia data release, Gaia DR2, consisting of astrometry, photometry, radial velocities, and information on astrophysical parameters and variability, for sources brighter than magnitude 21. In addition epoch astrometry and photometry are provided for a modest sample of minor planets in the solar system. Aims. A summary of the contents of Gaia DR2 is presented, accompani

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,873 new measurements from 758 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark ph

Context. Gaia Data Release 2 (Gaia DR2) contains results for 1693 million sources in the magnitude range 3 to 21 based on observations collected by the European Space Agency Gaia satellite during the first 22 months of its operational phase. Aims. We describe the input data, models, and processing used for the astrometric content of Gaia DR2, and the validation of these resultsperformed within the

The large genus Prunus has many cultivated species. Many Prunus fruits are edible, but also wood and other plant parts are used for various purposes.The large genus Prunus has many cultivated species. Many Prunus fruits are edible, but also wood and other plant parts are used for various purposes.

We assume that an intuitive means for the specification, re-use, modification and transfer of synchronized motions-both regarding the two arms of a dual-arm robotic system, as well as regarding the coordination of a user and a robot-is key in interactive and collaborative settings as they are currently targeted for industrial applications. We show, how our knowledge based approach to end-user prog

BACKGROUND Embolic strokes of undetermined source represent 20% of ischemic strokes and are associated with a high rate of recurrence. Anticoagulant treatment with rivaroxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, may result in a lower risk of recurrent stroke than aspirin. METHODS We compared the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban (at a daily dose of 15 mg) with aspirin (at a daily dose of 100 mg) for th