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This paper analyzes the role of initialization when testing for a unit root in panel data, an issue that has received surprisingly little attention in the literature. In fact, most studies assume that the initial value is either zero or bounded. As a response to this, the current paper considers a model in which the initialization is in the past, which is shown to have several distinctive features

We demonstrate high-resolution tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) of water vapor confined in nanoporous alumina. Strong multiple light scattering results in long photon pathlengths (1 m through a 6 mm sample). We report on strong line broadening due to frequent wall collisions (gas-surface interactions). For the water vapor line at 935.685 nm, the HWHM of confined molecules are ab

Background 3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3HP) and acrylic acid (AA) are industrially important platform- and secondary chemical, respectively. Their production from renewable resources by environment-friendly processes is desirable. In the present study, both chemicals were almost quantitatively produced from biodiesel-derived glycerol by an integrated process involving microbial and chemical catalysis

A new genus, Catenarina (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota), with three species is described from the Southern Hemisphere, supported by molecular data. All species contain the secondary metabolite 7-chlorocatenarin, previously unknown in lichens. Catenarinadesolata is a non-littoral, lichenicolous species found on volcanic and soft sedimentary rock at 190-300 m in and near steppes in southernmost Chile

Windows in a package is a common way to promote the product. The possibility to predict the collapse load for these types of cartonboard packages is considered. It is shown that reliable estimates of the collapse loads can be obtained by a very simple approach. This approach is a straightforward generalization of the proposal by Ristinmaa et al. (2012): for a side that contains a window, one simpl

Critical evaluation of the World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh 1910, from the perspective of later 20th century developments in Christian mission and ecumenism, with special attention to the global South and postcolonial analysis.

Lipid-binding proteins Sequester amphiphilic molecules in a large internal : cavity occupied by similar to 30 water molecules, some of which are displaced by the ligand. The role; of these internal water molecules in lipid binding and release is not understood. We use magnetic relaxation dispersion (MRD) to directly monitor internal-water dynamics in apo and palmitate-bound rat intestinal fatty ac

Mothers (N= 35) and their adult children completed questionnaires and were interviewed in order to examine relationships between mothers' caregiving representations and their adult children's attachment representations, and relationships between attachment/caregiving representations and beliefs about mothering. Mothers' and their children's accounts of and present thinking about their past relatio

Converting elemental mercury into divalent compound is one of the most important steps for mercury abatement from coal fired flue gas. The oxidation of elemental mercury was investigated in this paper using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology at room temperature. Effects of different flue gas components like oxygen, moisture, HCl, NO and SO2 were investigated. Re

The ideal free distribution (IFD) model predicts that consumers match the distribution of resources across habitat patches and that this association should lead to equal individual fitness among individuals in a population. Here we studied to what extent predators utilize different prey groups and if the resulting spatial patterns relate to the reproductive success of individuals in a population o

An iron-molybdenum alloy powder was extensively deformed by high energy milling, so to refine the bcc iron domain size to nanometer scale (~10 nm) and introduce a strong inhomogeneous strain. Both features contribute to comparable degree to the diffraction peak profile broadening, so that size and strain contributions can be easily separated by exploiting their different dependence on the diffract

In recent years, the field of remote sensing of birds and insects in the atmosphere (the aerial fauna) has advanced considerably, and modern electro-optic methods now allow the assessment of the abundance and fluxes of pests and beneficials on a landscape scale. These techniques have the potential to significantly increase our understanding of, and ability to quantify and manage, the ecological en

Emissions and in-cylinder pressure traces are used to compare the relative importance of soot formation and soot oxidation in a heavy-duty diesel engine. The equivalence ratio at the lift-off length is estimated with an empirical correlation and an idealized model of diesel spray. No correlation is found between the equivalence ratio at lift-off and the soot emissions. This confirms that trends in

A search for a charged Higgs boson (H+) in t (t) over bar decays is presented, where one of the top quarks decays via t -> H(+)b, followed by H+ -> two jets (c (s) over bar). The other top quark decays to Wb, where the W boson then decays into a lepton (e/mu) and a neutrino. The data were recorded in pp collisions at root s = 7 TeV by the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2011, and correspond to an int