Transnational contestation for local communities within the formation of the European Union’s Critical Raw Materials Act – a critical appraisal
This article presents a critical appraisal of the European Union’s (EU) policy process that delivered the Critical Raw Materials Act, 2023–2024. We combine Marxist-Gramscian perspectives on regional blocs and social movement theory on transnational contestation to study a framing contest at two points in the policy process. First, we examined environmental justice frames in technical campaigns to