OBJECTIVES: To estimate the total direct medical costs to society for patients with type 2 diabetes in Sweden and to investigate how different factors, for example diabetic late complications, affect costs. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data regarding health care utilization, clinical characteristics and quality of life, were collected at a single time-point. Data on resource use cover the 6-month perio

A comparison was made of 15 different techniques which are used in assessing soil microbial populations and/or biomasses. These include direct observations (fungal standing crop, fluorescein diacetate active mycelia, acridine orange stained bacteria), cultural methods (bacterial plate counts), physiological methods (total microbial, bacterial and fungal biomasses, O2-uptake), soil enzyme analyses

To ensure energy to meet needs for economic growth and sustainable development more emphasis should be given to energy efficiency, renewable energy and new technologies for both energy end-use and supply. One key technology is gasification of coal to produce liquid and gaseous fuels, and electricity. The overall conclusion is that there are plausible energy-technology strategies, well within reach

We report numerical simulations oil shrinkage in a fiber network when the fibers shrink more in their transverse to length direction than the axial direction. The effect of network density and anisotropic fiber properties on sheet shrinkage, elastic modulus and segment strain distributions is explored. The macroscopic free shrinkage follows a simple mathematical expression that is consistent with

Limit distributions for the greatest convex minorant and its derivative are considered for a general class of stochastic processes including partial sum processes and empirical processes, for independent, weakly dependent and long range dependent data. The results are applied to isotonic regression, isotonic regression after kernel smoothing, estimation of convex regression functions, and estimati

Fordonens körmönster, dvs hastighets- och accelerationsmönster påverkar mängden utsläpp i hög grad. I tidigare studier har parametern andel kraftig acceleration (a>1,5m/s2) visat sig ha en signifikant effekt framför allt för avgasutsläpp av NOx och HC men även för bränsleförbrukningen. Ett förarstöd som styr accelerationen kan därmed ha en positiv effekt för att minska emissioner och bränsleförbru

A flow-through microdispenser has been coupled to a micro HPLC separation system and used as a solvent elimination interface for Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopic detection of the separated compounds. Using the microdispenser picoliter sized droplets can be generated and deposited on an appropriate target placed on a computerized x, y-stage. Evaporation of volatile solvent

Human blood group antigens are unique, inherited polymorphisms on the extracellular surface of red blood cells. They have been used as genetically discrete markers of human polymorphism since the discovery of the ABO system in 1900. Since then, many blood group antigens have been identified, the genes cloned, and their biological significance elucidated. Blood group antigens and antibodies play an

PURPOSE: To determine whether there is any involvement of sympathetic nerves in the regulation of ocular hyaluronan production in the normal and traumatized rabbit iris. METHODS: Unilateral sympathetic denervation was performed by removing the right superior cervical ganglion. Hyaluronan concentrations in the iris and aqueous were measured with a radiometric assay at various time intervals after d

The aims of this study were: (i) to assess the test-retest intrarater reliability of eccentric ankle dorsiflexor muscle performance in young healthy men and women using the Biodex dynamometer; and (ii) to examine different statistical indices for the interpretation of reliability. Thirty men and women (age 22.5 +/- 2.5 years, mean +/- S.D.) performed three maximal eccentric contractions at 30 degr

Popular Abstract in Swedish Inför hjärtkirurgi är bedömning av en patients individuella nytta av och risk vid en hjärtoperation en viktig komponent i utredningen inför operationen. En riskstratifiering innebär att patientens olika riskfaktorer (exempelvis sockersjuka, högt blodtryck, antal tidigare hjärtinfarkter, hjärtfunktion) vägs samman till en sannolikhets-bedömning av risken för en viss händThe aims of this research was to compare different risk score algorithms with regard to their validity to predict 30-day and one-year mortality after open-heart surgery, to evaluate if the preoperative risk stratification model EuroSCORE predicts the different components of resource utilization in cardiac surgery, and to systematically evaluate the accuracy and performance of artificial neural net