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It has been suggested that neural mechanisms may contribute to effects of the incretin hormones, and, therefore, also to the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-4) inhibition. We therefore examined whether muscarinic mechanisms are involved in the stimulation of insulin secretion by DPP-4 inhibition. Fasted, anesthetized mice were given intraperitoneal saline or the muscarinic antagonist atropine
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), an insidious disease with grave prognosis, is characterized by heterogeneous fibrosis with densely fibrotic areas surrounded by nonfibrotic normal-looking tissue, believed to reflect a temporal development. The etiology is incompletely elucidated, but aberrant wound healing is believed to be involved. Embryonic signaling pathways, including Wnt signaling, are r
This dissertation argues that lower-level military leaders, commanding between a dozen and a few hundred troops, can have a major political and strategic impact. Furthermore, it is argued that the decisions made by these lower-level military leaders are shaped by subcultures, in particular under conditions of stress and uncertainty. The concept of tactical-level subcultures is defined, drawing on
Om den islandske forfatter Jón Kalman Stefánssons trilogi fra 2007-2011
Cloud applications are often subject to unexpected events like flashcrowds and hardware failures. Users that expect a predictable behavior may abandon an unresponsive application when these events occur. Researchers and engineers addressed this problem on two separate fronts: first, they introduced replicas - copies of the application with the same functionality - for redundancy and scalability; s
Non-genetic inheritance, e.g. transgenerational epigenetic effects, has received increasing interest in recent years, particularly in plants. However, most studies have involved a few model species and relatively little is known about wild species in these respects. We investigated transgenerational induced resistance to infection by the devastating oomycete Phytophthora infestans in Solanum physaNon-genetic inheritance, e.g. transgenerational epigenetic effects, has received increasing interest in recent years, particularly in plants. However, most studies have involved a few model species and relatively little is known about wild species in these respects. We investigated transgenerational induced resistance to infection by the devastating oomycete Phytophthora infestans in Solanum physa
Critique of religion and its consequences is a topical theme. The attack on the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo in Paris in January 2015 made the Western media establishment to rally in defence of freedom of expression, but it also raised the question of the limits of this freedom. There are always defined limits to freedom of expression, which change over time and are adapted to the political sy
A Ni-PY5 [PY5 = 2,6-bis(1,1-bis(2-pyridyl)ethyl)pyridine)] complex has been found to act as an electrocatalyst for oxidizing water to dioxygen in aqueous phosphate buffer solutions. The rate of water oxidation catalyzed by the Ni-PY5 is remarkably enhanced by the proton acceptor base HPO42−, with rate constant of 1820 M−1 s−1. Controlled potential bulk electrolysis with Ni-PY5 at pH 10.8 under an
We are developing a tabletop apparatus for time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Short X-ray pulses are generated by focusing a pulsed 800 nm laser onto a water jet target. X-rays that pass through a sample of interest are detected using energy-resolving superconducting microcalorimeter detectors. We have successfully observed EXAFS features from iron tris(bipyridine) in a water solution. W
This thesis summarizes the experimental work in which an ultrafastX-ray laser plasma source was combined with variousscalable direct detection schemes to test a novel approach forlab-based time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy. A laserplasma source based on a water jet target was built and commissioned.X-ray and electron emissions of this source were characterizedwith various direct detectio
We present time-resolved X-ray absorption measurements of vanadium dioxide using ionizations radiation generated by a femtosecond pulsed laser source in combination with superconducting microcalorimeters capable of measuring energies of individual radiation quanta.
The near-surface structure of the room-temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide has been investigated as a function of temperature between 100 and 620 K. We used a combination of photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS and UPS), metastable induced electron spectroscopy (MIES), and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The valence band a
Nanocrystalline diamond films (NCD) are strong candidates for applications in a wide variety of fields. An important concern in all these applications is to understand the properties of variously prepared NCD surfaces. This contribution is focussed on the surface science study of hydrogen and oxygen containing NCD films using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as high resolution electr
The dioxygen we breathe is formed by light-induced oxidation of water in photosystem II. O2 formation takes place at a catalytic manganese cluster within milliseconds after the photosystem II reaction centre is excited by three single-turnover flashes. Here we present combined X-ray emission spectra and diffraction data of 2-flash (2F) and 3-flash (3F) photosystem II samples, and of a transient 3F
