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Different models and statistical mechanical approximations for titrating polyelectrolytes are studied and the results compared with Monte Carlo simulations and experimental data. Three types of models have been used in the simulations: i) rigid structures and freely jointed chains with ii) rigid bonds and iii) flexible, harmonic bonds. Sampling is facilitated for the latter two by the use of pivot
This thesis presents the research performed within two different research groups using heavy-ion induced nuclear reactions. They offer the opportunity to investigate different properties of nuclear matter. The results are based on measurements using a variety of different experimental techniques. The PHENIX experiment measured the production of deuteron and anti-deuterons at mid-rapidity in gold-
Strong temperature fluctuations and pathogen attacks can cause bark lesions, visible signs of wounds in the phloem and cambium. Pathogenic insects and fungi are able to invade lesions that have not healed, further increasing the damage. The ability of the tree to withstand climatic and biotic stress can be lowered by air pollution, especially N deposition, with subsequent alterations in the soil c
The cytochromes P450 are a large enzyme family that is found in all living organisms and takes part in both endogenous and exogenous metabolism. They are primarily mono-oxygenases and perform a wide range of reactions. In contrast to many other enzymes, they have been optimised to react with a wide range of substrates instead of having high reaction rates. In the active site, these enzymes have a
Efficient sorting and searching are corner-stones in algorithm design. In computer science it has become a deep-rooted habit to use comparison-based methods to solve these problems. In this thesis we argue that radix sorting and searching algorithms are superior in many respects, both practical and theoretical. They are often remarkably simple and many, if not most, sorting and searching problems
High-spin states in the A=35 mirror nuclei 35Ar and 35Cl and A=51 mirror nuclei 51Fe and 51Mn were populated using fusion-evaporation reactions. The gamma rays were detected in the powerful Ge arrays Gammasphere and GASP, respectively, which operated in conjunction with ancillary detectors for evaporated particles. The resulting mirror energy difference diagrams of the two mirror pairs are interp
The board of directors is often described as a valuable resource for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that can contribute to the direction and performance of the firm. Mainstream research and literature on boards and governance has however mainly been concerned with how the board of directors best can monitor and restrain managerial action in large widely held corporations, and there is
Methods for ensuring that the intended volume receives the intended absorbed dose in radiotherapy have been investigated. In order to optimise radiation treatment of cancer, geometric variations in the treatment chain need to be controlled. Furthermore, hazards potentially leading to unintended irradiation need to be controlled. While the required methods for optimisation of irradiation are divers
Several optically active organometallic Phe-AAn-Phe peptidomimetics and macrocyclic Phe-(Phe)n peptides have been synthesized by either intra- or intermolecular peptide bond formation of the corresponding bis(amino acid) derivatives. The key bis(amino acid) derivatives were available from an improved multi-step synthetic route, utilising Horner-Wadswort-Emmons olefination of organometallic aldehyd
A considerable part of chemistry in nature and industry, takes place in an environment of other molecules. Reactions, transitions, interactions or other chemical processes are almost always modified by the environment. These modifications or environment effects depend ultimately on the interactions between the molecules, the so called intermolecular interactions. The special case of effects induce
Tröger’s base was synthesized for the first time in 1887. The molecule is rigid, C2-symmetric and has a 90° angle, forming a chiral hydrophobic pocket. In this thesis, the synthesis of new analogues of Tröger’s base is described. 2- and 3-halo-substituted anilines have for the first time been condensed to Tröger’s base analogues. It has also been shown that anilines without substituents in para-po
Bob Dylan (b. 1941) became known as an enfant terrible and a regenerator of rock lyrics already in the tumultuous 60´s. His constantly shifting roles as musician and songwriter, combined with his notable reserve, have led to the growth of a plethora of myths surrounding his person and work. His lyrics, accompanied by an increasingly original rock backing, based on folk music and rhythm & blues
One of the main trends in the polymer industry today is the increasing importance of polymer blends. Combining two or more immiscible polymers in a polymer blend often leads to multi-phase materials with desirable properties. The typical poor morphological stability and low interfacial adhesion in these blends can be eliminated by adding compatibilizing graft copolymers. Well-defined graft copoly
During the past twenty years, considerable efforts have been invested in fundamental research on the thermochemical conversion of alternative solid fuels and on its areas of application. Today, the attempt is being made to develop processes for upgrading those fuels to become easy accessible energy sources of high efficiency. The thesis concerns thermochemical means for utilizing biomass. Light i
Shusaku Endo (1923-1996) is a Roman Catholic, Japanese novelist. From 1950 to 1953, he studied French literature in Lyon, France. Returning from Lyon, Endo began his career as a novelist. His early works include: White Men, Yellow Men(1954), A Wonderful Fool(1959), The Women in the Bible(1960), Foreign Studies(1965), etc. The present study analyses his work from the perspective of the inculturati
This thesis seeks to explore critically the idea of corporate criminal responsibility. The criminal responsibility of corporations is constructed as a criminal responsibility of legal persons. As an expression of criminal policy, criminal responsibility of corporations is often understood as a response to harms and risks stemming from the economic and industrial sectors of society. The central the
In vitro generation of antibody fragments of desired specificity and affinity plays an important role since it permits the generation of reagents which may be valuable for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Furthermore, the kinetic parameters for an antibody-antigen interaction, rather than the affinity, has shown to correlate with biological functions like virus neutralization. This points
The general aim of the investigation is to contribute to the development of a theory of change and learning within the working environment. The specific change processes that were examined, emerged from an interactive initiative for change, intending to facilitate an emancipatory development: employees increasing their control of the work situation, thus improving the quality of service. The empir
The paper making process involves chopping of wood, cooking and forming, followed by dewatering in a vacuum section, press section and drying section. Several models for the most important parts of the paper machine drying section are presented in this thesis to describe phenomena at steady state and during state transitions. New control strategies applicable/useful for both steady-state control a
