EU-domstolen har i sin praxis utvecklat principen om förfarandemissbruk. Principen innebär ett förbud mot missbruk av EU-rätten. För att principen ska bli tillämplig krävs att ordalydelsen i viss bestämmelse följts men att resultatet strider mot bestämmelsens syfte. Dessutom krävs att syftet med vidtagna åtgärder var att uppnå detta resultat. I Halifax-målet konstaterade EU-domstolen att principenThe EU court has in its rulings developed the principle of prohibiting abusive practices. The principle is existing to prohibit abuse of European Union law. In order to apply the principle requires that the wording of a certain provision have been followed but the outcome is contrary to the purpose of that provision. It is also required that the purpose of the action taken was to achieve this resu

Behovet av information på värdepappersmarknaden ökar i och med att det blir allt vanligare att investera i aktier. Aktiebolag vänder sig till värdepappersmarknaden för att skaffa nytt kapital till bolaget. De främsta anledningarna till detta är att bolagen vill finansiera sin verksamhet, ofta i form av nyinvesteringar, samt att ägarna vill kompenseras för de investeringar, både i form av nedlagt aThe increased importance of information on the securities market correlates to it having become more common to invest in shares. Business corporations turn to the securities market in order to raise money. The main reasons being the will to finance their operations, often in the form of new investments, and the owners wanting to be compensated for their investments, both financially and in terms o

In 2007, a new regulatory framework in the European economic area opened up to a less regulated market. Now, share trading was not only done on the main stock markets but could also take place at alternative trading facilities. The deregulation led to greater competition, better consumer protection and a fragmented market with alternative trading facilities, which are subject to less regulation. T

Sammanfattning Idag ökar mängden information hela tiden. Mycket av informationen finns bara i elektronisk form och därför har elektronisk bevisning blivit allt vikti-gare. E-post är en form av elektronisk bevisning som har blivit ett alltmer betydelsefullt kommunikationsmedel och är en viktig del av såväl privat- som affärsliv. Det utgör ett snabbt och lättillgängligt kommunikationssätt som på månThe amount of information is constantly increasing, much of which is only available in electronic form. Therefore the role of electronic evidence has become increasingly important. One form of such electronic evidence is e-mail, which has become an important part of both private and business life, due to the importance of quick and accessible means of communication. E-mail communication differs fr

Inom konkursrätten syftar bouppteckningseden till att förmå gäldenären att uppge alla tillgångar i konkursboet sanningsenligt. Uppsatsen behandlar bouppteckningsedens uppkomst ur ett rättshistoriskt perspektiv med det bakomliggande motivet att fastställa dess syfte och religiösa prägel. Vidare behandlas frågan vilken ställning bouppteckningen har i dagens konkursrätt och hur pass nödvändig den är Under bankruptcy law the estate inventory-oath aims to persuade the debtor to disclose all the assets of the bankruptcy estate truthfully. This essay deals with the origin of oath from a legal historical perspective, with of aim of defining its purpose. It further examines the status of the estate inventory-oath in the current bankruptcy law and how necessary it is in practice. A study of legal

The focus of this thesis was to study cytogenetic and molecular genetic aberrations in lipomas. For this purpose, chromosome banding analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), as well as high resolution single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)–arrays were used to identify recurrent chromosomal aberrations in lipomas. The possible molecular targets for these aberrations were further studied t

This thesis describes investigations of the use of cryogenically cooled rare-earth-ion-doped crystals for quantum information processing and quantum optics. Several aspects of the coherent interaction between light and rare-earth ions in solids are addressed. Quantum information science has given physicists new views of quantum mechanics. The transmission of quantum states has already found pract

Diagnostic tests based on nucleic acid amplification have become available for Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and influenza viruses. Here, an MP PCR test detected 100% of infections during the first three symptomatic weeks, whereas classical serology detected 21% week 1, 56% week 2, and 100% week 3. Positive PCR results were uncommon in healthy individuals. Levels of MP DNA were significantly higher i

The standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) remains one of the most important and most frequently used tools for diagnosing cardiac diseases, although several different examination modalities in cardio¬logy have been developed over the years. The standard ECG uses 10 electrodes placed on well-defined positions on the body, 6 on the torso and 4 distally on the limbs. Both industry and academia hav

During the last decades considerably more of medical students’ clinical training has shifted into general practice. The aim of this thesis was to study medical students’ learning experiences in general practice, work-based assessment, and the perspectives of GP supervisors and patients. Results Senior students’ learning in a portfolio pilot was mainly on patient-centred communication, clinical re

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) present an interesting and relevant model for studying microbial adaptation. After establishing significant numbers, the bacteria either cause severe disease, or an asymptomatic carrier state resembling the normal flora at other mucosal sites. Patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) are protected from re-infection if the strain that they carry outcompetes more

The aim of the current work was at development and validation of modeling tools for simulation of pulverised wood flames in furnaces and study how different factors influence on such flames. The numerical model involves different sub-models for the physo-chemical processes, such as, two-phase flow motion, drying, devolatilization and shrinkage of particles, the formation and oxidation of volatile,

The intention of this thesis was to investigate autoimmune markers for type 1 diabetes, together with signs of enterovirus infections during the pre- and perinatal period of life, and their possible association with the development of diabetes during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. We found that: 1. Newborns with ABO immunization, linked in epidemiological studies with heightened diab

The main purpose of this study is to highlight the counselling interview in connection with the choice of upper secondary school from three perspectives, the student's, the counsellor's and society's. The intention is to describe and analyse the counselling interview in the ninth grade with relation to: · the student's expectations, perceptions and values before and after the interviews, · the co