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When attention is drawn to the recovery of resources within waste, the amount and types of waste disposed of at landfills change. A waste management system based on separate kerbside collection, sorting, recycling, and pretreatment with material and/or energy recovery produces new residues, which finally end up at landfills. This is the case in, for example, the US and the EU. As a possible result
Smooth muscles are components of several physiologically important organs and often involved in disease. Smooth muscle contraction is regulated by variations in intracellular [Ca2+]; increased levels activate the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) which phosphorylates myosin and initiates contraction. Myosin phosphatase (MLCP) dephosphorylates myosin and promotes relaxation. Several cellular signali
Internal combustion engines have been an important technological field for more than a century. It has had an important impact on society through improved transportation and industrial applications. However, concerns about environmental effects of exhaust gases and utilization of oil resources have pushed development of combustion engines towards cleaner combustion and higher efficiencies. The d
Many scientists believe that the oil production will peak in the near future, if the peak has not already occurred. Peak oil theories and uncertain future oil deliveries have stimulated interest in alternative sources of fuel and chemicals. This interest has been enhanced by concerns about energy security and about the climate change caused by emissions of carbon dioxide. The result has been incre
The employer’s right to rule is always a burning topic and many employers are currently not as familiar with the subject as they perhaps should be. High demands are placed on the employer in an employment relationship with employees, who also apply to employees. At the same time, the employer has been given, through the employer’s right to rule, the right to freely manage and allocate work in the
Fuel ethanol from lignocellulose is one sustainable alternative to the fossil fuels of today. All sugars in the material must be utilized in order to achieve high overall ethanol yields. Baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been engineered to ferment the pentose sugar xylose from lignocellulose to ethanol. However, ethanol production from xylose is slow and often incomplete. In this work s
The chain from hadron collisions to the physics results requires several important links. First the outcome of the collision is measured by the detectors. Then, the signal from the detector is processed and transformed into information relevant for the study of the physics processes. The data is made available to physicists to be analysed and used to improve theories. This thesis presents work don
Heat stress has been studied extensively. However, in the contemporary context of climate change there is a lack of information on the extent of future heat stress and its consequences, especially in occupational settings. The main aim of the research was to identify the current knowledge gaps by conducting a literature review (paper I) together with the collection of empirical data to examine the
This thesis concerns the study of Fluid-Structure interaction phenomena among deforming and (non-deforming) vibrating objects under unsteady fluid fl ow exposures. This multi-physical phenomenon is widely encountered in real-life situations and therefore it is of significant importance to understand the underlying physics. The trend is that both industrial and research facilities aim for developi
Amputation of the hand implies the loss of the ability to grasp and the ability to "feel". The grasping function can be primitively restored using an active prosthesis. Multiarticulating electrically powered hands have recently made their way to the market and these hands provide enhanced grasping and gripping capabilities. However, these hands provide no direct and conscious sensory feedback to
The industrial use of biocatalysts is increasingly important in the production of e.g. pharmaceuticals, chemicals, fuels and foodstuffs. A successful biocatalytic process is dependent on many factors, such as the biocatalyst properties, the nature of the reaction, reactor type and downstream processing. This work is focused on two important issues: Immobilization of the biocatalyst and in situ pro
The formation of lumps during powder dissolution is undesirable in most cases. In a world where the use of dry products is increasing, incomplete powder dissolution and lump formation can for instance affect the color of a paint or the nutritional content of baby food. In this thesis, the phenomena governing lump formation of agglomerated spray dried dairy powders were investigated. The focus of t
Molecular imaging, both in vivo and ex vivo, is playing an increasingly important role in preclinical medical research. When using radionuclide-labeled tracers, e.g. in the development of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic imaging or for radionuclide therapy, quantitative in vivo imaging can be performed using emission tomography. Quantitative autoradiography of thin tissue sections is employed t
This thesis concerns experimental and theoretical work regarding perpendicular to grain fracture in wooden structural elements. The experimental part concerns strength tests of glulam beams with a hole. The theoretical parts concern development of two models for strength and fracture analysis, both based on fracture mechanics approaches, and their application to analysis of beams with a hole and d
Today’s trends are the ever growing competition with increased globalization and sustainability. Together with ongoing technological developments and the demand for right quality of products and services, this has also resulted in increased demands for legislation and traceability. This development has also had an impact on packaging and Packaging Logistics. This thesis deals with packaging, logis
NADH:quinone oxidoreductase, or complex I, is a large, complex and poorly understood bioenergetic enzyme in the respiratory chain of living organisms. The enzyme has a conserved core structure, comprising fourteen protein subunits: Seven subunits protrude from the membrane and contain a flavin prosthetic group and eight iron-sulfur clusters that guide electrons from the oxidation of NADH towards t
Continuum based elasto-plastic-damage models for paperboard have been established in this work. The thesis begins with an introductory section that describes the mechanical properties of paperboard and some of the converting processes during forming of a package. A short review of modeling concepts that have been applied to paperboard is presented and then some key aspects and assumptions develope
