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The localization of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ and L‐glutamate 1 carboxy‐lyase (GAD)‐immunoreactive neurons was compared in the skate, frog, pigeon, chicken, rabbit, and man. Horizontal cells show both GABA and GAD immunoreactivity in the skate, frog, and bird. Certain amacrine cells show GABA and GAD immunoreactivity in all species. The distribution of GABA‐ and GAD‐immunoreactive cell bodie

The retinofugal projections in the eel were studied by use of the cobalt-filling technique. The optic tract projects contralaterally to the hypothalamic optic nucleus, the anterior periventricular nucleus, the lateral geniculate nucleus, the dorsomedial optic nucleus, four pretectal recipient areas, the optic tectum, and the tegmentum. Small ipsilateral projections were demonstrated in the hypotha

Putative GABAergic elements in the retina of the Atlantic salmon have been identified by immunohistochemistry, utilising polyclonal antisera against γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the GABA transporter GAT-1. Cell types immunoreactive (ir) for GABA comprise horizontal cells, amacrine cells, displaced amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer, displaced amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer (i

The neuroanatomical organization of neurons projecting to the pituitary and the origin of pituitary dopamine and nonapeptides were investigated in the brain of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Carbocyanine tract tracing in combination with tyrosine hydroxylase, arginine vasotocin and isotocin immunocytochemistry for double labelling revealed a previously unknown organization of hypophysiotrophic

The distribution of olfactory fibers in the brain of the three‐spined stickleback was visualized by means of immunohistochemistry. The labeling of the olfactory fibers was produced by serum containing antibodies against somatostatin‐14. Olfactory fibers were observed entering the olfactory bulbs, where they terminated in the glomerular layer or collected into fascicles that coursed through the bul

The olfactory epithelium of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and the nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) has been studied with a conventional histochemical and a novel immunological staining technique. In both species, the sensory epithelium is arranged in folds separated by non-sensory epithelial tissue. In the nine-spined stickleback, intrinsic folds consisting of

The distribution of putative cholinergic neurons in the brain of a cyprinid teleost was investigated by immunocytochemistry, with well‐characterized polyclonal antibodies to porcine choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), correlated with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry. AChE‐positive neurons were more numerous than GhAT‐immunoreactive (ChAT‐IR) neurons. Regions with ChAT‐IR neurons generally

By use of antibodies against serotonin, a discrete subnucleus of putatively serotoninergic neurons was observed in the dorsal subdivision of the left habenular nucleus in the brain of the coho salmon. The subnucleus was observed in salmon of different life-stages: in fingerlings, during smolt transformation, after smolt transformation (in seawater), and after spawning. This finding further emphasi

Specific, fluorescent, subependymal perikarya were found in the pars anterior of the paraventricular organ (PVOpa), in the nucleus recessus lateralis (NRL) and in the nucleus recessus posterioris (NRP). No fluorescent perikarya were present in the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT). Fluorescent nerve tracts connect the PVOpa and the NRL with the NRP, and interconnect the paired NRP. The nucleus preop

The distribution of serotoninergic neurons in the brain of the three‐spined stickleback was demonstrated with the indirect peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical method with antibodies against serotonin. Serotoninergic perikarya were demonstrated in the brainstem reticular formation (nucleus raphe dorsalis, nucleus raphe medialis, and nucleus tegmenti dorsalis lateralis) and in the pe

The distribution of noradrenergic neurons in the brain of the threespined stickleback was demonstrated with the indirect peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical method with antibodies against a noradrenaline‐bovine serum albumin conjugate. Noradrenergic neuronal somata were exclusively located in the isthmal area of the brain stem and in the lower medulla. Noradrenergic varicose axons

The distribution of dopamine in the brain of the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus L. was demonstrated with the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method using highly specific antibodies against a dopamine-glutaraldehyde-thyroglobulin conjugate. Dopamine-immunoreactive (DAir) neuronal somata were observed in all main brain regions. In the forebrain, DAir neurons were located in a

The distribution of putative histaminergic neurons in the brain of a teleost, the three-spined stickleback, was investigated by means of immunocytochemistry using specific antibodies against histamine (HA), and conventional microscopy as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy. Histamine-immunoreactive (HAir) neurons form discrete populations ventral to the nucleus of the posterior recess (NRP)

The presence of galanin‐like substances and their relation to substance P‐, vasotocin‐, and isotocin‐immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the brain of teleosts was investigated with immunohistochemical methods. Two specific antisera against synthetic porcine galanin (GAL) revealed cell bodies and fibers in the brain of four different teleost species (Salmo salar, Carassius carassius, Gasterosteus

The subcellular localization of neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive (NOSir) elements in the brain of the Atlantic salmon was investigated by means of electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. NOSir structures are present only in neuronal elements. In neuronal processes, strong NOS immunoreactivity was mainly localized within synaptic vesicles or seen as a den

The presence and distribution of the nitric oxide (NO) converting enzyme, NO synthase (NOS), was investigated in the brain of a teleost, the Atlantic salmon. Both NOS immunoreactive and NADPH diaphorase positive, non-neuronal and neuronal cell bodies, fibers and putative nerve terminals were identified throughout the brain. Even so, the staining was not identical in all regions. NO, synthesized by

Lars E O Svenssons kritik mot att Riksbanken inte har uppnått inflationsmålet har lett till en infekterad debatt mellan ledande ekonomer. Vår genomgång av hans kalkyler visar att de är bräckliga och missvisande, skriver ekonomiforskarna Lars Jonung och Fredrik N G Andersson.